Yves Brunet is with INP Grenoble, France.

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• Foreword xYves BRUNETChapter 1. Energy Storage for Electrical Systems 1Régine BELHOMME, Jérôme DUVAL, Gauthier DELLILE, Gilles MALARANGE, Julien MARTIN and Andrei NEKRASSOV1.1. Introduction 11.2. Energy storage for the producer 31.3. The special case of intermittent generation 81.4. Energy storage for transmission systems 131.5. Energy storage for distribution networks 161.6. Energy storage for retailers 221.7. Energy storage for consumers 231.8. Energy storage for the balancing responsible party (BRP) 281.9. Conclusion 311.10. Bibliography 34Chapter 2.Transport: Rail, Road, Plane, Ship 37Jean-Marie KAUFFMANN2.1. Introduction 372.2. Electrical energy is a secondary energy 382.3. Electrical energy: principal or unique source 432.4. Electrical energy complementing another source – hybridization 552.5. Conclusion 612.6. Bibliography 63Chapter 3. Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Systems 65Florence MATTERA3.1. Introduction 653.2. Stand alone photovoltaic systems 653.3. Limited lifespan for lead acid battery technology 723.4. Grid connected systems 773.5. Bibliography 81Chapter 4. Mobile Applications and Micro-Power Sources 83Jérôme DELAMARE and Orphée CUGAT4.1. The diverse energy needs of mobile applications 834.2. Characteristics due to the miniaturized scale 894.3. Capacitative storage 904.4. Electrochemical storage 914.5. Hydrocarbon storage 954.6. Pyroelectricity 1024.7. Tribo-electricity 1024.8. Radioactive source 1034.9. Recovering ambient energy 1034.10. Associated electronics: use of electricity – onboard EP 1064.11. Bibliography 107Chapter 5. Hydrogen Storage 115Daniel FRUCHART5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Generalities regarding hydrogen storage 1165.3. Pressurized storage 1195.4. Cryogenic storage 1215.5. Solid storage 1225.6. Other modes of storage 1285.7. Discussion: technical/energy/economic aspects 1295.8. Bibliography 131Chapter 6. Fuel Cells: Principles and Function 133Eric VIEIL6.1. What is a cell or battery? 1336.2. Chemical energy 1346.3. The unfolding of a reaction 1376.4. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 1436.5. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1436.6. The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 1456.7. Comparison of the different types of fuel cell 1466.8. Catalysis 1486.9. Critical points 1496.10. Conclusion: the storage application 151Chapter 7. Fuel Cells: System Operation 153Daniel HISSEL, Denis CANDUSSO and Marie-Cécile PERA7.1. Introduction: what is a fuel cell “system”? 1537.2. Air supply system 1567.3. Gas humidification system 1607.4. The static converter at the stack terminals 1647.5. Lifespan, reliability and diagnosis 1657.6. Bibliography 170Chapter 8. Electrochemical Storage: Cells and Batteries 173Florence FUSALBA and Sébastien MARTINET8.1. Generalities of accumulators: principle of operation 1738.2. Applications 1768.3. Technological histories: lead, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH… then lithium ion 1858.4. Application needs 1978.5. Focusing on lithium-ion technologies 1998.6. Processing and recycling of lithium batteries 2078.7. Other batteries 2098.8. Bibliography 214Chapter 9. Supercapacitors: Principles, Sizing, Power Interfaces and Applications 217Philippe BARRADE9.1. Introduction 2179.2. Supercapacitor: electric double-layer capacitor 2199.3. Sizing a bank of supercapacitors 2269.4. Power interfaces 2309.5. Applications 2359.6. Bibliography 240List of authors 243Index 245

Yves Brunet is with INP Grenoble, France.

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• Foreword xYves BRUNETChapter 1. Energy Storage for Electrical Systems 1Régine BELHOMME, Jérôme DUVAL, Gauthier DELLILE, Gilles MALARANGE, Julien MARTIN and Andrei NEKRASSOV1.1. Introduction 11.2. Energy storage for the producer 31.3. The special case of intermittent generation 81.4. Energy storage for transmission systems 131.5. Energy storage for distribution networks 161.6. Energy storage for retailers 221.7. Energy storage for consumers 231.8. Energy storage for the balancing responsible party (BRP) 281.9. Conclusion 311.10. Bibliography 34Chapter 2.Transport: Rail, Road, Plane, Ship 37Jean-Marie KAUFFMANN2.1. Introduction 372.2. Electrical energy is a secondary energy 382.3. Electrical energy: principal or unique source 432.4. Electrical energy complementing another source – hybridization 552.5. Conclusion 612.6. Bibliography 63Chapter 3. Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Systems 65Florence MATTERA3.1. Introduction 653.2. Stand alone photovoltaic systems 653.3. Limited lifespan for lead acid battery technology 723.4. Grid connected systems 773.5. Bibliography 81Chapter 4. Mobile Applications and Micro-Power Sources 83Jérôme DELAMARE and Orphée CUGAT4.1. The diverse energy needs of mobile applications 834.2. Characteristics due to the miniaturized scale 894.3. Capacitative storage 904.4. Electrochemical storage 914.5. Hydrocarbon storage 954.6. Pyroelectricity 1024.7. Tribo-electricity 1024.8. Radioactive source 1034.9. Recovering ambient energy 1034.10. Associated electronics: use of electricity – onboard EP 1064.11. Bibliography 107Chapter 5. Hydrogen Storage 115Daniel FRUCHART5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Generalities regarding hydrogen storage 1165.3. Pressurized storage 1195.4. Cryogenic storage 1215.5. Solid storage 1225.6. Other modes of storage 1285.7. Discussion: technical/energy/economic aspects 1295.8. Bibliography 131Chapter 6. Fuel Cells: Principles and Function 133Eric VIEIL6.1. What is a cell or battery? 1336.2. Chemical energy 1346.3. The unfolding of a reaction 1376.4. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 1436.5. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1436.6. The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 1456.7. Comparison of the different types of fuel cell 1466.8. Catalysis 1486.9. Critical points 1496.10. Conclusion: the storage application 151Chapter 7. Fuel Cells: System Operation 153Daniel HISSEL, Denis CANDUSSO and Marie-Cécile PERA7.1. Introduction: what is a fuel cell “system”? 1537.2. Air supply system 1567.3. Gas humidification system 1607.4. The static converter at the stack terminals 1647.5. Lifespan, reliability and diagnosis 1657.6. Bibliography 170Chapter 8. Electrochemical Storage: Cells and Batteries 173Florence FUSALBA and Sébastien MARTINET8.1. Generalities of accumulators: principle of operation 1738.2. Applications 1768.3. Technological histories: lead, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH… then lithium ion 1858.4. Application needs 1978.5. Focusing on lithium-ion technologies 1998.6. Processing and recycling of lithium batteries 2078.7. Other batteries 2098.8. Bibliography 214Chapter 9. Supercapacitors: Principles, Sizing, Power Interfaces and Applications 217Philippe BARRADE9.1. Introduction 2179.2. Supercapacitor: electric double-layer capacitor 2199.3. Sizing a bank of supercapacitors 2269.4. Power interfaces 2309.5. Applications 2359.6. Bibliography 240List of authors 243Index 245

Yves Brunet is with INP Grenoble, France.

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• Foreword xYves BRUNETChapter 1. Energy Storage for Electrical Systems 1Régine BELHOMME, Jérôme DUVAL, Gauthier DELLILE, Gilles MALARANGE, Julien MARTIN and Andrei NEKRASSOV1.1. Introduction 11.2. Energy storage for the producer 31.3. The special case of intermittent generation 81.4. Energy storage for transmission systems 131.5. Energy storage for distribution networks 161.6. Energy storage for retailers 221.7. Energy storage for consumers 231.8. Energy storage for the balancing responsible party (BRP) 281.9. Conclusion 311.10. Bibliography 34Chapter 2.Transport: Rail, Road, Plane, Ship 37Jean-Marie KAUFFMANN2.1. Introduction 372.2. Electrical energy is a secondary energy 382.3. Electrical energy: principal or unique source 432.4. Electrical energy complementing another source – hybridization 552.5. Conclusion 612.6. Bibliography 63Chapter 3. Energy Storage in Photovoltaic Systems 65Florence MATTERA3.1. Introduction 653.2. Stand alone photovoltaic systems 653.3. Limited lifespan for lead acid battery technology 723.4. Grid connected systems 773.5. Bibliography 81Chapter 4. Mobile Applications and Micro-Power Sources 83Jérôme DELAMARE and Orphée CUGAT4.1. The diverse energy needs of mobile applications 834.2. Characteristics due to the miniaturized scale 894.3. Capacitative storage 904.4. Electrochemical storage 914.5. Hydrocarbon storage 954.6. Pyroelectricity 1024.7. Tribo-electricity 1024.8. Radioactive source 1034.9. Recovering ambient energy 1034.10. Associated electronics: use of electricity – onboard EP 1064.11. Bibliography 107Chapter 5. Hydrogen Storage 115Daniel FRUCHART5.1. Introduction 1155.2. Generalities regarding hydrogen storage 1165.3. Pressurized storage 1195.4. Cryogenic storage 1215.5. Solid storage 1225.6. Other modes of storage 1285.7. Discussion: technical/energy/economic aspects 1295.8. Bibliography 131Chapter 6. Fuel Cells: Principles and Function 133Eric VIEIL6.1. What is a cell or battery? 1336.2. Chemical energy 1346.3. The unfolding of a reaction 1376.4. Proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) 1436.5. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) 1436.6. The alkaline fuel cell (AFC) 1456.7. Comparison of the different types of fuel cell 1466.8. Catalysis 1486.9. Critical points 1496.10. Conclusion: the storage application 151Chapter 7. Fuel Cells: System Operation 153Daniel HISSEL, Denis CANDUSSO and Marie-Cécile PERA7.1. Introduction: what is a fuel cell “system”? 1537.2. Air supply system 1567.3. Gas humidification system 1607.4. The static converter at the stack terminals 1647.5. Lifespan, reliability and diagnosis 1657.6. Bibliography 170Chapter 8. Electrochemical Storage: Cells and Batteries 173Florence FUSALBA and Sébastien MARTINET8.1. Generalities of accumulators: principle of operation 1738.2. Applications 1768.3. Technological histories: lead, Ni-Cd, Ni-MH… then lithium ion 1858.4. Application needs 1978.5. Focusing on lithium-ion technologies 1998.6. Processing and recycling of lithium batteries 2078.7. Other batteries 2098.8. Bibliography 214Chapter 9. Supercapacitors: Principles, Sizing, Power Interfaces and Applications 217Philippe BARRADE9.1. Introduction 2179.2. Supercapacitor: electric double-layer capacitor 2199.3. Sizing a bank of supercapacitors 2269.4. Power interfaces 2309.5. Applications 2359.6. Bibliography 240List of authors 243Index 245