Lyesse Laloui, Chair Professor and Head Soil mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory; Director of the Civil Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna, Researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.

• Preface xiiiLyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNAPart 1 Physical Modeling Of Energy Piles At Different Scales 1Chapter 1 Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI1.1 Introduction 41.2 Thermomechanical behavior of soils 51.3 Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behaviour of soils 121.4 Acknowledgments 181.5 Bibliography 18Chapter 2 Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI2.1 Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 232.2 Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 282.3 Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 362.4 Conclusions 422.5 Bibliography 42Chapter 3 Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45Peter BOURNE-WEBB3.1 Overview of published observational data sources 453.2 Thermal storage and harvesting 463.3 Thermomechanical effects 583.4 Summary 653.5 Acknowledgments 663.6 Bibliography 67Chapter 4 Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI4.1 Introduction 794.2 Physical modeling of pile foundations 804.3 Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 834.4 Conclusions 944.5 Acknowledgments 944.6 Bibliography 94Chapter 5 Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99John S MCCARTNEY5.1 Introduction 995.2 Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 1005.3 Centrifuge modeling concepts 1015.4 Centrifuge modeling components 1015.5 Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 1055.6 Conclusions 1135.7 Acknowledgments 1135.8 Bibliography 114Part 2 Numerical Modeling Of Energy Geostructures 117Chapter 6 Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI6.1 Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 1206.2 Heat-exchanger anchors 1316.3 Conclusions 1366.4 Acknowledgments 1376.5 Bibliography 137Chapter 7 Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 1407.3 A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 1437.4 Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 1457.5 Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 1507.6 Conclusions 1537.7 Acknowledgments 1537.8 Bibliography 154Chapter 8 Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157John S MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A STEWART8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Thermally induced water flow 1598.3 Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 1608.4 Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 1618.5 Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 1638.6 Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 1648.7 Conclusions 1678.8 Acknowledgments 1678.9 Bibliography 167Chapter 9 Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 1759.3 Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 1779.4 Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 1799.5 Full scale tests on energy piles 1879.6 Conclusions 1899.7 Acknowledgments 1909.8 Bibliography 190Chapter 10 Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Heat transfer phenomenon 19410.3 Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 19710.4 Impact of the long-term thermal operation 20210.5 Conclusions 20510.6 Acknowledgments 20710.7 Bibliography 208Chapter 11 Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211C Guney OLGUN and G Allen BOWERS11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Ground-source heating of bridge decks 21311.3 Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 21411.4 Numerical modeling and analysis results 21611.5 Summary and conclusions 22311.6 Acknowledgments 22311.7 Bibliography 224Part 3 Engineering Practice 227Chapter 12 Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN12.1 Introduction 22912.2 Planning and design 23012.3 Construction 23612.4 System integration and commissioning 26012.5 Summary 26112.6 Acknowledgments 26212.7 Bibliography 262Chapter 13 Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI13.1 Basic assumptions 26513.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 26613.3 Validation of the method 27013.4 Piled-beams with energy piles 27113.5 Conclusions 27713.6 Acknowledgments 27813.7 Bibliography 278Chapter 14 A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281Daniel PAHUD14.1 The Dock Midfield 28114.2 Design process of the energy pile system 28214.3 The PILESIM program 28814.4 System design and measurement points 28914.5 Measured thermal performances of the system 29114.6 System optimization and integration 29314.7 Conclusions 29414.8 Acknowledgments 29514.9 Bibliography 295List of Authors 297

Lyesse Laloui, Chair Professor and Head Soil mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory; Director of the Civil Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna, Researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.

• Preface xiiiLyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNAPart 1 Physical Modeling Of Energy Piles At Different Scales 1Chapter 1 Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI1.1 Introduction 41.2 Thermomechanical behavior of soils 51.3 Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behaviour of soils 121.4 Acknowledgments 181.5 Bibliography 18Chapter 2 Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI2.1 Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 232.2 Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 282.3 Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 362.4 Conclusions 422.5 Bibliography 42Chapter 3 Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45Peter BOURNE-WEBB3.1 Overview of published observational data sources 453.2 Thermal storage and harvesting 463.3 Thermomechanical effects 583.4 Summary 653.5 Acknowledgments 663.6 Bibliography 67Chapter 4 Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI4.1 Introduction 794.2 Physical modeling of pile foundations 804.3 Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 834.4 Conclusions 944.5 Acknowledgments 944.6 Bibliography 94Chapter 5 Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99John S MCCARTNEY5.1 Introduction 995.2 Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 1005.3 Centrifuge modeling concepts 1015.4 Centrifuge modeling components 1015.5 Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 1055.6 Conclusions 1135.7 Acknowledgments 1135.8 Bibliography 114Part 2 Numerical Modeling Of Energy Geostructures 117Chapter 6 Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI6.1 Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 1206.2 Heat-exchanger anchors 1316.3 Conclusions 1366.4 Acknowledgments 1376.5 Bibliography 137Chapter 7 Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 1407.3 A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 1437.4 Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 1457.5 Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 1507.6 Conclusions 1537.7 Acknowledgments 1537.8 Bibliography 154Chapter 8 Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157John S MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A STEWART8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Thermally induced water flow 1598.3 Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 1608.4 Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 1618.5 Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 1638.6 Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 1648.7 Conclusions 1678.8 Acknowledgments 1678.9 Bibliography 167Chapter 9 Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 1759.3 Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 1779.4 Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 1799.5 Full scale tests on energy piles 1879.6 Conclusions 1899.7 Acknowledgments 1909.8 Bibliography 190Chapter 10 Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Heat transfer phenomenon 19410.3 Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 19710.4 Impact of the long-term thermal operation 20210.5 Conclusions 20510.6 Acknowledgments 20710.7 Bibliography 208Chapter 11 Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211C Guney OLGUN and G Allen BOWERS11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Ground-source heating of bridge decks 21311.3 Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 21411.4 Numerical modeling and analysis results 21611.5 Summary and conclusions 22311.6 Acknowledgments 22311.7 Bibliography 224Part 3 Engineering Practice 227Chapter 12 Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN12.1 Introduction 22912.2 Planning and design 23012.3 Construction 23612.4 System integration and commissioning 26012.5 Summary 26112.6 Acknowledgments 26212.7 Bibliography 262Chapter 13 Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI13.1 Basic assumptions 26513.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 26613.3 Validation of the method 27013.4 Piled-beams with energy piles 27113.5 Conclusions 27713.6 Acknowledgments 27813.7 Bibliography 278Chapter 14 A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281Daniel PAHUD14.1 The Dock Midfield 28114.2 Design process of the energy pile system 28214.3 The PILESIM program 28814.4 System design and measurement points 28914.5 Measured thermal performances of the system 29114.6 System optimization and integration 29314.7 Conclusions 29414.8 Acknowledgments 29514.9 Bibliography 295List of Authors 297

Lyesse Laloui, Chair Professor and Head Soil mechanics, Geoengineering and CO2 storage Laboratory; Director of the Civil Engineering; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland. Alice Di Donna, Researcher at the Laboratory of Soil Mechanics; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland.

• Preface xiiiLyesse LALOUI and Alice DI DONNAPart 1 Physical Modeling Of Energy Piles At Different Scales 1Chapter 1 Soil Response under Thermomechanical Conditions Imposed by Energy Geostructures 3Alice DI DONNA and Lyesse LALOUI1.1 Introduction 41.2 Thermomechanical behavior of soils 51.3 Constitutive modeling of the thermomechanical behaviour of soils 121.4 Acknowledgments 181.5 Bibliography 18Chapter 2 Full-scale In Situ Testing of Energy Piles 23Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI2.1 Monitoring the thermomechanical response of energy piles 232.2 Description of the two full-scale in situ experimental sites 282.3 Thermomechanical behavior of energy piles 362.4 Conclusions 422.5 Bibliography 42Chapter 3 Observed Response of Energy Geostructures 45Peter BOURNE-WEBB3.1 Overview of published observational data sources 453.2 Thermal storage and harvesting 463.3 Thermomechanical effects 583.4 Summary 653.5 Acknowledgments 663.6 Bibliography 67Chapter 4 Behavior of Heat-Exchanger Piles from Physical Modeling 79Anh Minh TANG, Jean-Michel PEREIRA, Ghazi HASSEN and Neda YAVARI4.1 Introduction 794.2 Physical modeling of pile foundations 804.3 Physical modeling of a heat-exchanger pile 834.4 Conclusions 944.5 Acknowledgments 944.6 Bibliography 94Chapter 5 Centrifuge Modeling of Energy Foundations 99John S MCCARTNEY5.1 Introduction 995.2 Background on thermomechanical soil–structure interaction 1005.3 Centrifuge modeling concepts 1015.4 Centrifuge modeling components 1015.5 Centrifuge modeling tests for semi-floating foundations 1055.6 Conclusions 1135.7 Acknowledgments 1135.8 Bibliography 114Part 2 Numerical Modeling Of Energy Geostructures 117Chapter 6 Alternative Uses of Heat-Exchanger Geostructures 119Fabrice DUPRAY, Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI6.1 Small, dispersed foundations for deck de-icing 1206.2 Heat-exchanger anchors 1316.3 Conclusions 1366.4 Acknowledgments 1376.5 Bibliography 137Chapter 7 Numerical Analysis of the Bearing Capacity of Thermoactive Piles Under Cyclic Axial Loading 139Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH, Sébastien BURLON and Julien HABERT7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Bearing capacity of a pile under an additional thermal load 1407.3 A constitutive law of soil–pile interface under cyclic loading: the Modjoin law 1437.4 Numerical analysis of a thermoactive pile under thermal cyclic loading 1457.5 Recommendation for real-scale thermoactive piles 1507.6 Conclusions 1537.7 Acknowledgments 1537.8 Bibliography 154Chapter 8 Energy Geostructures in Unsaturated Soils 157John S MCCARTNEY, Charles J.R COCCIA, Nahed ALSHERIF and Melissa A STEWART8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Thermally induced water flow 1598.3 Thermal volume change in unsaturated soils 1608.4 Thermal effects on soil strength and stiffness 1618.5 Thermal effects on hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils 1638.6 Thermal effects on soil–geosynthetic interaction 1648.7 Conclusions 1678.8 Acknowledgments 1678.9 Bibliography 167Chapter 9 Energy Geostructures in Cooling-Dominated Climates 175Ghassan Anis AKROUCH, Marcelo SANCHEZ and Jean-Louis BRIAUD9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Climatic factors and their effects on soil conditions and properties 1759.3 Saturated and unsaturated soil thermal properties and heat transfer 1779.4 Impact of soil conditions on energy geostructures performance 1799.5 Full scale tests on energy piles 1879.6 Conclusions 1899.7 Acknowledgments 1909.8 Bibliography 190Chapter 10 Impact of Transient Heat Diffusion of a Thermoactive Pile on the Surrounding Soil 193Maria E SURYATRIYASTUTI, Hussein MROUEH and Sébastien BURLON10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Heat transfer phenomenon 19410.3 Numerical modeling of thermal diffusion in a thermoactive pile 19710.4 Impact of the long-term thermal operation 20210.5 Conclusions 20510.6 Acknowledgments 20710.7 Bibliography 208Chapter 11 Ground-Source Bridge Deck De-icing Systems Using Energy Foundations 211C Guney OLGUN and G Allen BOWERS11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Ground-source heating of bridge decks 21311.3 Thermal processes and evaluation of energy demand for ground-source de-icing systems 21411.4 Numerical modeling and analysis results 21611.5 Summary and conclusions 22311.6 Acknowledgments 22311.7 Bibliography 224Part 3 Engineering Practice 227Chapter 12 Delivery of Energy Geostructures 229Peter BOURNE-WEBB with contributions from Tony AMIS, Jean-Baptiste BERNARD, Wolf FRIEDEMANN, Nico VON DER HUDE, Norbert PRALLE, Veli Matti UOTINEN and Bernhard WIDERIN12.1 Introduction 22912.2 Planning and design 23012.3 Construction 23612.4 System integration and commissioning 26012.5 Summary 26112.6 Acknowledgments 26212.7 Bibliography 262Chapter 13 Thermo-Pile: A Numerical Tool for the Design of Energy Piles 265Thomas MIMOUNI and Lyesse LALOUI13.1 Basic assumptions 26513.2 Mathematical formulation and numerical implementation 26613.3 Validation of the method 27013.4 Piled-beams with energy piles 27113.5 Conclusions 27713.6 Acknowledgments 27813.7 Bibliography 278Chapter 14 A Case Study: The Dock Midfield of Zurich Airport 281Daniel PAHUD14.1 The Dock Midfield 28114.2 Design process of the energy pile system 28214.3 The PILESIM program 28814.4 System design and measurement points 28914.5 Measured thermal performances of the system 29114.6 System optimization and integration 29314.7 Conclusions 29414.8 Acknowledgments 29514.9 Bibliography 295List of Authors 297