Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin is a specialist in knowledge management, and a lecturer at Paris-Dauphine University, France.Michel Grundstein is an associate researcher for LAMSADE at Paris-Dauphine University, France. His main field of study is knowledge management.Camille Rosenthal Sabroux teaches information systems at Paris-Dauphine University, France, where she is also in charge of the Master’s studies in the field of extended enterprise information systems.

• PREFACE viiINTRODUCTION xiCHAPTER 1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY 11.1. The concept of information systems 11.2. History of the concept of information systems 51.2.1. The centralized processing stage (1950s–1960s) 51.2.2. The data decentralization stage (1970s–1990s) 61.2.3. The interoperability and standardization stage (1990s) 61.2.4. The universality and globalization stage (2000 onward) 71.3. What is "digital" technology? 91.4. Information systems and digital technology for business 111.5. Key points 15CHAPTER 2. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 172.1. Historical overview 182.2. Knowledge Management: two dominant approaches 202.2.1. The technological approach 212.2.2. The managerial and sociotechnical approach to KM 222.3. Specific management principles for KM 232.3.1. Definition of Knowledge Management 242.3.2. The organizational context 242.3.3. The vision 262.3.4. Guiding principles 272.3.5. Ad hoc infrastructures 282.3.6. Generic KM processes 312.3.7. Methods and tools for KM 342.4. A model for general knowledge management within the enterprise (MGKME) 362.4.1. Description of the MGKME 362.4.2. State indicators for knowledge management systems 402.5. Conclusions 422.6. Key points 43CHAPTER 3. THE ENTERPRISE'S INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (EIKS) 453.1. Basic theories 453.1.1. Three fundamental postulates 453.1.2. Creation of individual and tacit knowledge 473.1.3. Commensurability of interpretative frameworks 503.1.4. Conditions in which knowledge can be assimilated to an object 503.2. The enterprise's information and knowledge system 523.3. A knowledge system is not a knowledge-based system 543.4. Evolution of an EIKS 593.5. Representative example of an EIKS 593.5.1. Presentation of the context 603.5.2. EIKS in this context 613.6. Key points 63CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 65APPENDIX. SEVEN GOLDEN RULES FOR SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 69BIBLIOGRAPHY 75INDEX 83

Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin is a specialist in knowledge management, and a lecturer at Paris-Dauphine University, France.Michel Grundstein is an associate researcher for LAMSADE at Paris-Dauphine University, France. His main field of study is knowledge management.Camille Rosenthal Sabroux teaches information systems at Paris-Dauphine University, France, where she is also in charge of the Master’s studies in the field of extended enterprise information systems.

• PREFACE viiINTRODUCTION xiCHAPTER 1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY 11.1. The concept of information systems 11.2. History of the concept of information systems 51.2.1. The centralized processing stage (1950s–1960s) 51.2.2. The data decentralization stage (1970s–1990s) 61.2.3. The interoperability and standardization stage (1990s) 61.2.4. The universality and globalization stage (2000 onward) 71.3. What is "digital" technology? 91.4. Information systems and digital technology for business 111.5. Key points 15CHAPTER 2. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 172.1. Historical overview 182.2. Knowledge Management: two dominant approaches 202.2.1. The technological approach 212.2.2. The managerial and sociotechnical approach to KM 222.3. Specific management principles for KM 232.3.1. Definition of Knowledge Management 242.3.2. The organizational context 242.3.3. The vision 262.3.4. Guiding principles 272.3.5. Ad hoc infrastructures 282.3.6. Generic KM processes 312.3.7. Methods and tools for KM 342.4. A model for general knowledge management within the enterprise (MGKME) 362.4.1. Description of the MGKME 362.4.2. State indicators for knowledge management systems 402.5. Conclusions 422.6. Key points 43CHAPTER 3. THE ENTERPRISE'S INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (EIKS) 453.1. Basic theories 453.1.1. Three fundamental postulates 453.1.2. Creation of individual and tacit knowledge 473.1.3. Commensurability of interpretative frameworks 503.1.4. Conditions in which knowledge can be assimilated to an object 503.2. The enterprise's information and knowledge system 523.3. A knowledge system is not a knowledge-based system 543.4. Evolution of an EIKS 593.5. Representative example of an EIKS 593.5.1. Presentation of the context 603.5.2. EIKS in this context 613.6. Key points 63CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 65APPENDIX. SEVEN GOLDEN RULES FOR SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 69BIBLIOGRAPHY 75INDEX 83

Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin is a specialist in knowledge management, and a lecturer at Paris-Dauphine University, France.Michel Grundstein is an associate researcher for LAMSADE at Paris-Dauphine University, France. His main field of study is knowledge management.Camille Rosenthal Sabroux teaches information systems at Paris-Dauphine University, France, where she is also in charge of the Master’s studies in the field of extended enterprise information systems.

• PREFACE viiINTRODUCTION xiCHAPTER 1. INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY 11.1. The concept of information systems 11.2. History of the concept of information systems 51.2.1. The centralized processing stage (1950s–1960s) 51.2.2. The data decentralization stage (1970s–1990s) 61.2.3. The interoperability and standardization stage (1990s) 61.2.4. The universality and globalization stage (2000 onward) 71.3. What is "digital" technology? 91.4. Information systems and digital technology for business 111.5. Key points 15CHAPTER 2. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 172.1. Historical overview 182.2. Knowledge Management: two dominant approaches 202.2.1. The technological approach 212.2.2. The managerial and sociotechnical approach to KM 222.3. Specific management principles for KM 232.3.1. Definition of Knowledge Management 242.3.2. The organizational context 242.3.3. The vision 262.3.4. Guiding principles 272.3.5. Ad hoc infrastructures 282.3.6. Generic KM processes 312.3.7. Methods and tools for KM 342.4. A model for general knowledge management within the enterprise (MGKME) 362.4.1. Description of the MGKME 362.4.2. State indicators for knowledge management systems 402.5. Conclusions 422.6. Key points 43CHAPTER 3. THE ENTERPRISE'S INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM (EIKS) 453.1. Basic theories 453.1.1. Three fundamental postulates 453.1.2. Creation of individual and tacit knowledge 473.1.3. Commensurability of interpretative frameworks 503.1.4. Conditions in which knowledge can be assimilated to an object 503.2. The enterprise's information and knowledge system 523.3. A knowledge system is not a knowledge-based system 543.4. Evolution of an EIKS 593.5. Representative example of an EIKS 593.5.1. Presentation of the context 603.5.2. EIKS in this context 613.6. Key points 63CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES 65APPENDIX. SEVEN GOLDEN RULES FOR SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT 69BIBLIOGRAPHY 75INDEX 83