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• Acknowledgementsviii Introduction1 1Origins5 The Roman period in the Kendal area7 The early Anglo-Saxons13 The origins of Kendal14 The earliest written record: Domesday16 2The borough and town government19 The borough23 The charter of 157528 Other official bodies29 The mock corporation29 The 1835 Municipal Corporations Act30 The 1972 Local Government Act30 Trade companies31 Elections33 3Kendal's castles36 Castle Howe37 Kendal Castle38 The owners of the castle42 4Kendal on the map47 John Speed, 1611 - 1248 Jefferys, 177049 John Todd, 178750 J. Lowes, 179851 John Wood, 183352 Corn Rent map, c.183453 Henry Hoggarth, 185355 Titus Wilson, 186155 Ordnance Survey, 186156 Ordnance Survey, 191457 5House and home59 The Middle Ages59 Individual larger houses61 Building materials63 Tudor and Stuart Kendal65 The Georgian period69 The Websters and their circle73 Victorian developments75 A Kendal yard in the 1860s77 The past hundred years83 6Shops and businesses85 The Market Place85 The inns of Kendal93 Businesses97 Shops102 Banks105 7'Pannus mihi Panis': Cloth is bread to me106 The Flemings106 Plate section between pages 120 and 121, Percy Duff and Trevor Hughes images in Kendal Town Hall, by kind permission of Kendal Town Council 8Road, canal and rail122 Kendal's bridges122 Transport126 The Kendal packhorses126 Roads before the turnpikes131 Turnpikes133 Road coaches136 The Lancaster Canal140 Carriers146 Railways148 M6 and Kendal Bypass153 9Health and welfare155 Benefactions156 Sandes Hospital157 Dowker's Almshouses160 Sleddall's Almshouses161 Childbirth162 Concerns about public health164 Doctors164 The Dispensary and hospitals167 The poor168 Kendal Workhouse169 Population172 10Church and chapel176 The chapels of the parish church180 Chantries181 Bells and organ183 The Reformation184 New Anglican churches186 Nonconformists and dissenters189 Roman Catholics193 Religion in Kendal since the 1850s193 11Education, leisure, culture and the arts195 Schools195 Kendal's artists200 Literary associations202 Newspapers204 Music and theatre204 Libraries208 Museums209 Leisure212 Food217 Customs221 12Crime and punishment223 Imprisonment226 13War and other troubles231 Notes and references236 Select bibliography250 Index258