Organic Materials in Civil Engineering

Yves Mouton is a chemical engineer and a specialist in civil engineering. He has been active for nearly 40 years at the LCPC (Central Laboratory for Structures and Roads) in Paris and is Professor of Materials Science at the ENTPE (State national school of public works).

• Introduction 15Chapter 1. Organic Polymers 211.1. Definitions 231.2. Macromolecular structure 251.3. Synthesis of polymers 261.3.1. Step polymerization or polycondensation 261.3.1.1. Mechanism of polycondensation: polycondensation and polyaddition 261.3.1.2. Practical applications 271.3.2. Chain polymerization or polymerization strictly speaking 281.4. Processing: thermoplastics and thermosets 301.4.1. Thermoplastics and thermosets, thermorigid or thermohard 301.4.2. Monocomponent and bicomponent 311.5. Elastomers 331.6. Preliminary conclusions 351.7. Crystalline polymers and amorphous polymers: glass transition 371.7.1. Notion of crystalline polymer 371.7.2. Amorphous polymers: glass transition 381.8. Mechanical behaviors of polymers: time-temperature equivalence 391.8.1. Elastic behavior 411.8.2. Elasto-plastic behavior 411.8.3. Rubber-like behavior 421.8.4. Case of cross-linked polymers 431.8.5. Pure products and formulated products: plasticization 471.8.6. Time-temperature equivalence 481.9. Miscibility of polymers: concept of alloy 511.9.1. Notion of solubility parameter 521.9.2. Estimation of the solubility 521.9.3. Polymer-polymer mixtures: notion of alloy 541.10. Durability and aging of polymers: life cycles 561.10.1. Notion of aging 561.10.2. Principles of the methods for appreciating the life of materials 581.10.3. Fire behavior of polymers 601.10.4. General information on the life cycle of polymers 621.11. Organic materials, the environment and health: evolution of the market 641.12. Main organic and organo-metallic polymers used in civil engineering 661.13. General conclusion 69Chapter 2. Organic Binders I. Bitumen and Road Construction 712.1. General terminology 742.2. Manufacture of bitumen 762.3. Physico-chemical composition of bitumens 782.4. Various forms of bitumen 822.4.1. Paving bitumens: characterization and classification 822.4.2. Fluid binders 832.4.3. Bitumen emulsions 842.4.3.1. Formation of an emulsion 852.4.3.2. Failure of emulsions 862.4.3.3. Characterization of emulsions: applications 872.5. Usage properties of paving bitumen 872.6. Adhesiveness 882.7. Rheological properties 922.7.1. Viscosity 922.7.2. Viscoelasticity 932.7.3. Complex modulus 952.7.4. Towards a rheological classification 962.7.5. The SHRP program – Test methods and specifications of road binders 1002.7.6. Bending beam creep or BBR test 1012.8. Aging of bitumen 1042.9. Limits in the use of bitumen: quest for an ideal binder 1082.10. Modified bitumens, bitumens with additives and special bitumens 1092.10.1. Physico-chemical characterization of polymer modified bitumens 1132.10.2. Practical applications 1142.10.3. Bitumens with additives 1162.10.4. Special paving bitumens 1162.11. Regeneration binders 1172.12. Other uses of bitumen in civil engineering 1172.13. General conclusion 118Chapter 3. Organic Binders II. Materials for the Conservation of Heritage and Safety 1193.1. Concrete repair and protection products 1193.1.1. Products and systems for the protection and repair of concrete structures: normative definitions 1223.1.2. Physicochemical classification of repair and protection products 1233.1.3. Products based on reactive organic binders: general introduction 1243.1.3.1. Epoxy resins 1253.1.3.2. Polyurethanes 1283.1.3.3. Unsaturated polyesters and derivatives 1313.1.3.4. Methacrylic resins 1363.1.3.5. Other acrylic derivatives 1373.1.4. Repair produces based on reactive organic binders: usages and required characteristics 1373.1.4.1. Surface repair products 1383.1.4.2. Structural bonding and structure reinforcement products 1383.1.4.3. Injection products 1393.1.4.4. Anchoring or sealing or wedging products 1413.1.4.5. Required characteristics 1413.1.5. Concrete protection products and systems 1433.1.5.1. Corrosion inhibitors 1443.1.5.2. Impregnation products 1443.1.5.3. Paints and derivatives 1453.1.5.4. Required characteristics 1453.1.6. Mixed matrix products (modified binder) 1473.2. Paints for civil engineering 1483.2.1. General definitions 1483.2.1.1. Constituents of paints 1483.2.1.2. Paint drying modes 1503.2.1.3. Characteristics of the dry film 1503.2.1.4. Paint systems 1523.2.2. Anticorrosion paints for metal structures 1533.2.2.1. Corrosion 1533.2.2.2. Anticorrosion protection processes 1543.2.2.3. Anticorrosion paints 1553.2.2.4. Criteria for the choice of the protection paint system 1553.2.2.5. Surface preparation 1583.2.2.6. Main protection coatings 1583.2.3. Paints for concrete 1593.2.4. Road marking paints and products 1613.2.4.1. Road marking 1613.2.4.2. Retroreflection 1623.2.4.3. Choice of the products 1643.2.4.4. Main products available 1643.3. Conclusions 165Chapter 4. Manufactured Products 1674.1. Organic materials and the waterproofing of structures 1684.1.1. Materials, products and systems for waterproofing the decks of civil engineering structures 1684.1.1.1. Asphalt materials 1714.1.1.2. Thin films bonding with the support (FMBS) 1734.1.1.3. Monolayer prefabricated membranes (MPM) 1744.1.1.4. Waterproofing products processed at high production rate with roadworks equipment (HPRE) 1754.1.1.5. Comparison of traditional types of products 1764.1.2. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for underground structures 1784.1.2.1. Design of the waterproofing system 1794.1.2.2. Intrados waterproofing systems 1804.1.2.3. Extrados waterproofing systems 1804.1.2.4. Main products used (extrados waterproofing) 1824.1.3. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for surface structures: statement of the problem 1824.2. Geosynthetics 1834.2.1. Geosynthetic materials for waterproofing: geomembranes and geosynthetic bentonite materials 1864.2.1.1. Geomembranes 1864.2.1.2. Bentonite geosynthetics (BGS) 1874.2.2. Geotextiles and related products 1874.2.2.1. Functions provided 1874.2.2.2. Constitutive materials 1884.2.2.3. Assembling modes 1894.2.2.4. Durability of geotextiles 1894.2.3. Waterproofing materials, products and systems for surface structures: different uses 1894.2.3.1. Hydraulic structures strictly speaking 1904.2.3.2. Structures for road surface water 1914.2.3.3. Lagooning ponds 1934.2.3.4. Tanks and reservoirs for chemicals 1934.2.3.5. Structures for the containment of wastes 1944.2.3.6. Conclusions on geomembranes: installation and durability 1954.3. Products for light geotechnical structures 1994.3.1. Expanded polystyrene (EPS) embankments 1994.3.2. Ultra-light cellular structures (ULCS) 2014.3.3. Structures based on recovered tires 2034.4. Other uses of synthetic organic materials in civil engineering 2044.4.1. Bearings of civil engineering structures 2044.4.2. Products for joints 2064.4.3. Warning devices for buried systems 2074.5. Industrial wood used in civil engineering 2084.5.1. The wood material 2094.5.2. Moisture sensitivity of wood 2104.5.3. Durability of the wood 2114.5.4. Fire behavior 2114.5.5. Industrial wood 2114.6. Conclusion 212Chapter 5. Gluing and Composite Materials: Concrete Admixtures 2155.1. Gluing and its potential applications in civil engineering 2165.1.1. Gluing: a future technique in civil engineering? 2165.1.2. Definitions, reference points 2205.1.3. Adhesion and gluing: theoretical notions 2225.1.3.1. Theories of adhesion: physico-chemical approach 2235.1.3.2. Theories of adhesion: thermodynamic approach 2275.1.3.3. Kinetic aspect of adhesion 2335.1.3.4. Practical conclusions 2375.1.4. Surface treatment 2385.1.5. Implementation: importance of “in situ cross-linking time” 2395.1.6. Principle adhesives used in civil engineering: notion of reversibility 2415.2. Organic matrix composite materials 2425.2.1. Constituents 2425.2.2. General principles 2435.2.3. Basic material used 2435.2.3.1. Strengthening agents 2435.2.3.2. Conditioning of strengthening agents 2455.2.3.3. Matrices 2455.2.4. Organic matrix composites and civil engineering 2465.2.4.1. Repair and strengthening of structures 2475.2.4.2. Prevention of seismic risks 2485.2.4.3. Cables, stays, anchoring systems 2485.3. Concrete admixtures 2485.3.1. The introduction of admixtures in concrete technology 2515.3.2. Rheological admixtures 2535.3.2.1. Plasticizers and their growth: mode of action 2545.3.2.2. Perspectives 2595.3.3. Other classes of admixture reacting on the rheology of fresh concrete 2605.3.3.1. Set retarders 2605.3.3.2. Water retaining agent 2605.3.4. Other admixtures and connected products organic in nature 2615.3.4.1. Water resisting admixtures 2615.3.4.2. Air entraining agents 2615.3.4.3. Curing compounds 2635.3.4.4. Organic fibers 2645.4. General conclusions 264Chapter 6. Physico-Chemical Characterization of Organic Materials Used in Construction 2676.1. Chemical analysis of formulated products 2686.2. Infrared spectrometry 2696.2.1. Principle of the method 2696.2.2. Case of ATR: theoretical considerations 2736.2.3. Utilization and limits of infrared spectroscopy 2756.3. Methods of fractionation 2776.3.1. Fractionation of complex mixtures 2776.3.1.1. Separation of phases 2786.3.1.2. Distillation 2786.3.1.3. Solvent extraction 2796.3.2. Chromatographic methods 2806.3.2.1. Column chromatography 2806.3.2.2. Other types of chromatography 2856.4. Thermal methods 2866.5. Quantitative analysis and functional assays 2886.6. General diagram for in-depth analysis of complex mixtures 2906.7. Conclusions 291Chapter 7. Organic Materials, Civil Engineering and Sustainable Development Prospective Thoughts from Experts 2937.1. Economic reality of synthetic materials in civil engineering 2937.1.1. Preface 2937.1.2. Positioning of the plastics: some figures 2947.1.2.1. PVC windows 2947.1.2.2. Protective sheaths for optical cable networks 2957.1.3. Civil engineering: a place in the construction market 2967.1.4. Incorporated or built-in materials 2967.1.5. Bitumen-polymers 2987.1.6. Coatings 2997.1.6.1. Protection of stays and tension cables of bridges 3007.1.6.2. Sealing by geomembranes 3007.1.6.3. The “coil coating” market 3017.1.6.4. Tubes and pipes 3017.1.6.5. Noise screens 3017.1.6.6. Composites 3027.1.7. Conclusion 3037.2. Bitumens in civil engineering: their place and their future 3037.2.1. Introduction 3037.2.2. Bitumens in waterproofing and ancillary industries 3047.2.2.1. Waterproofing 3047.2.2.2. Ancillary industries 3057.2.3. Bitumens in road construction and maintenance 3067.2.3.1. Asphalts 3067.2.3.2. Surface dressing 3087.2.3.3. Cold mixes 3087.2.4. Conclusion 3097.3. Organic polymers in building: development and tendencies 3097.3.1. Current usage tendencies 3117.3.2. The polymers of tomorrow? 3127.4. Importance of a physico-chemical approach in the behavior of the materials – with damage as an example 3137.4.1. Introduction 3137.4.2. Problem overview 3137.4.3. Application in case of a damagable elastic material 3157.4.4. Case of organic polymers 3197.5. Organic chemistry and molecular engineering: the future of cementing materials? 3207.5.1. Mastering complexity 3207.5.2. Using hybrids 3217.5.3. Molding and molecular imprints 3227.5.4. Towards a green and intelligent concrete 3227.6. Synthetic organic materials and architecture 3237.6.1. Contrasting relationship during the 20thcentury 3237.6.2. A harmony in the making 3247.6.3. A necessary partnership between architects and industrialists 3257.6.4. Organic materials at the core of the mega-technological choices in architecture 3267.7. Assessment of environmental impact of organic materials 3277.7.1. Problem overview and available tools 3277.7.2. Perspectives for organic materials used in civil engineering 3307.7.3. Conclusion 3327.7.4. Useful standards 3327.8. Assessment of health hazards of organic materials 3337.8.1. General problem and definitions 3337.8.2. Health hazards of organic materials in civil engineering 3357.8.3. Methodology for assessment of health hazards 3377.8.4. As a conclusion: why assess health hazards? 338Bibliography 341Abbreviations 351Index 353