Wettability

Erle C. Donaldson is an independent consultant and managing editor of the Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering. He was elected to the International Hall of Fame for Science in 1993. He has received a distinguished service award from the Republic of Honduras and other honors from the U.S. Department of Energy, the National Petroleum Engineering Honor Society, and the University of Oklahoma. Dr. Donaldson has written, co-authored, and served as editor on numerous articles and books.

• PrefaceNomenclatureAbout the Authors1 WettabilityThe Four States of WettabilityWater-Wet SystemFractionally-WetMixed-WetOil-WetInterfacial TensionContact AngleAdvancing and Receding Contact AnglesCore PreservationCapillary PressureAmott Wettability IndexCombined Amott-USBM Wettability TestSpontaneous ImbibitionOil Recovery by ImbibitionSpreadingEffect of Wettability on Relative PermeabilityEffect of Wettability on WaterfloodsProceduresProduction CurvesEffects of ViscosityEffects of Wettability on Electrical PropertiesDispersion and WettabilityIntroductionApplicationsTheoryInfluence of WettabilityExample Problems2 Surface ForcesIntroductionVan der Waals Equation of StateElectrostatic Interactive EnergiesDielectric MediaPrinciple Interactive ForcesShort-Range ForcesLondon Dispersion ForcesDipole ForcesKeesom Dipole-Dipole ForcesDebye-Induced Dipole InteractionsVan der Waals ForcesZeta Potential and the Electric Double Layer InteractionDLVO (Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) TheoryHamaker ConstantDisjoining PressureElectrostatic ForcesPoisson-Boltzman EquationCounterion Density with Respect to Distance (Diffuse Double Layer)Osmotic Repulsion PressureHydration ForcesDisjoining Pressure and the Canonical PotentialHydrogen BondingSummary of Interactive ForcesLewis Acid/Base ReactionsSolvent BehaviorSolid Surface Interactions with SolutionsClay Swelling and Particle MovementCrude Oil/Solid Surface InteractionsExample Problems3 Wettability and ProductionIntroduction. Origin and Accumulation of HydrocarbonsPetroleum TrapsPrimary MigrationSecondary MigrationBuoyant ForcesCapillary ForcesEarth Tides and Secondary MigrationAccumulation of Hydrocarbons in TrapsSubsurface EnvironmentPore Surface PropertiesMultiphase FlowVertical Saturation ProfileFractured ReservoirsMobility RatioFractional Flow EquationFrontal Advance EquationImpact of Wettability on WaterfloodsExample Problems4 Pore Size Effects and Wettability AlterationIntroductionPorosityPore StructurePore TextureSandstonesCarbonate RocksPore Size DistributionPermeability from Pore Size DistributionsCarman-Kozeny EquationFlow Properties of Porous MediaWettability AlterationPolar Compounds in Crude OilsAlkaline CompoundsCapillary NumberSurfactantsWettability Alteration Caused by MicrobesChemistry of Silica SandChemistry of Limestone, Chalk and DolomiteProperties of Crude Oils that Affect WettabilityAsphaltene Solvency of Crude OilsAdsorption on Reservoir RocksSummary and General ConclusionsExample Calculations5 Practical Applications of WettabilityIntroductionWettability and Primary and Secondary Recovery EfficiencyWettability and Tertiary Recovery EfficiencyThermally-Induced Wettability Alteration for Improved RecoveryGhaba North FieldQarn Alam FieldPreventing Adverse Wettability Shift during Enhanced Recovery ProcessField Test of the CaCO3 Deposition Process at Elk Point Thermal PilotImproved Oil Recovery by Altering Wettability by Chemical InjectionDetermination of Applicability of Wettability ReversalEffect of Drilling and Completion Fluids on Wellbore Wettability and Its StabilityMinimizing Formation Damage by Controlling WettabilityExample Problems6 Fortran Computer ProgramsIntroductionDispersionTwo-Phase Fractional FlowPore Size DistributionPores Size DistributionPermeability EstimationRelative PermeabilityUSBM Wettability IndexA Front Tracking ProgramIntroductionBibliographyIndex