Hussein A. Mohammed obtained his Bachelor's and Master's degrees from Baghdad University and Ph.D. from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UTN) of Malaysia jointly with the University of Southern Queensland of Australia".  His PhD thesis received a Dean's Award for Research Higher Degree Excellence Award (Outstanding Doctoral Research). He holds another Ph.D. in Renewable Energy from Curtin University of Australia. He is a Research Associate working at Curtin University and an Adjunct Associate Professor at Edith Cowan University (ECU) Australia. His research interests are on a wide range of inter-disciplinary issues (both numerically and experimentally) in aerodynamics, instrumentation development and testing, fundamentals and advanced applied heat transfer aspects, fluid flow, CFD modeling, solar energy, renewable energy technologies, phase change materials for energy storage, nanotechnology (nanofluids), MEMS and combustion engineering and science. He has published more than 150 refereed papers in prestigious peer-reviewed international journals with high impact factors. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry and the Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Journal, and an International Advisory Board and Editorial Board member of many reputed international journals such as the Engineering section of Heliyon, the Journal of Thermal Engineering, and the MDPI journals Energies, Processes and Molecules, and Thermal Science. He is a member of the scientific committees of various international conferences and scientific reviewer for various international scientific journals (more than 90). Dr. Hussein has recently been featured among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020, according to a Stanford University study. He is the recipient of Publons Global Peer Review Awards as top 1% of global peer reviewers for Engineering and Crossfield categories for the year 2019. He has received various international research awards such as Top 20 Prominent Researchers, Significant Achievement Award, Research Impact Award, and The Most Productive Researcher Award from his previous employers due to his significant contribution in high impact factor international journals. He also won Gold Medals at international research exhibitions for his outstanding research prototypes. Dr. Hussein has recently been listed in Australia's Top 40 Superstars Researchers who are lifetime achievers in their fields across all disciplines (ranked number 3 among the five best-performing researchers in physics and mathematics/thermal sciences). Hari Vuthaluru completed his Ph.D. from the University of Newcastle on the pre-treatment of coal for remediation of ash-related problems in power utilities. Before commencing research work in Australia, he completed both Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees in India and gained invaluable experience in several roles withEngineers India Ltd, Delhi. He is currently an Associate Professor and has worked as a Course Coordinator for 14 years for all graduate programs in the Department of Chemical Engineering. For the last several years, Dr. Vuthaluru has made extensive contributions in the area of coal and biomass combustion research at national and international levels. His specific research interests include optimization of power utility equipment and chemical process units through CFD modeling, design and commissioning of bench-/pilot-scale facilities for coal conversion processes, ash-related issues in power utilities, desalination, and predictive tools for oil and gas industries, which include NTPC-India, BHEL-India, PT Berau and West Java power utility in Indonesia, Energy Research Foundation and KEMA in Holland and CSIRO, ACIRL, University of Newcastle, Wesfarmers Coal, and Transfield Worley in Australia. He has published six book chapters, one research book, and more than 244 articles (refereed journal papers, conference papers, and industrial reports). Dr. Vuthaluru hasrecently been listed among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020 in the energy space, according to a Stanford University study. Dr. Vuthaluru is a Fellow of the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) and a lifetime Senior Member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Shaomin Liu is a Professor at the WA School of Mines (WASM): Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering at Curtin University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the National University of Singapore in 2002 and then worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2005. Since the end of 2008, he has been working at Curtin University, Australia. His research interests include inorganic membranes for gas separation, membrane reactors for gas reactions, nanoporous materials, solid oxide fuel cells, bioceramics, nanoparticlesfor antimicrobial property, and advanced oxidations for water treatment. He is the editor of the Journal of Membrane Science. He has published one patent, six book chapters, and more than 400 scientific papers featured in peer-reviewed international journals.

• 1-Background.- 2-Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC).- 3-PTC Enhancement Using Passive Techniques.- 4-PTC Enhancement Using Nanofluids.- 5-Discussion on heat transfer enhancement methods.- 6-Conclusions and Recommendations.

Hussein A. Mohammed obtained his Bachelor's and Master's degrees from Baghdad University and Ph.D. from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UTN) of Malaysia jointly with the University of Southern Queensland of Australia".  His PhD thesis received a Dean's Award for Research Higher Degree Excellence Award (Outstanding Doctoral Research). He holds another Ph.D. in Renewable Energy from Curtin University of Australia. He is a Research Associate working at Curtin University and an Adjunct Associate Professor at Edith Cowan University (ECU) Australia. His research interests are on a wide range of inter-disciplinary issues (both numerically and experimentally) in aerodynamics, instrumentation development and testing, fundamentals and advanced applied heat transfer aspects, fluid flow, CFD modeling, solar energy, renewable energy technologies, phase change materials for energy storage, nanotechnology (nanofluids), MEMS and combustion engineering and science. He has published more than 150 refereed papers in prestigious peer-reviewed international journals with high impact factors. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry and the Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Journal, and an International Advisory Board and Editorial Board member of many reputed international journals such as the Engineering section of Heliyon, the Journal of Thermal Engineering, and the MDPI journals Energies, Processes and Molecules, and Thermal Science. He is a member of the scientific committees of various international conferences and scientific reviewer for various international scientific journals (more than 90). Dr. Hussein has recently been featured among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020, according to a Stanford University study. He is the recipient of Publons Global Peer Review Awards as top 1% of global peer reviewers for Engineering and Crossfield categories for the year 2019. He has received various international research awards such as Top 20 Prominent Researchers, Significant Achievement Award, Research Impact Award, and The Most Productive Researcher Award from his previous employers due to his significant contribution in high impact factor international journals. He also won Gold Medals at international research exhibitions for his outstanding research prototypes. Dr. Hussein has recently been listed in Australia's Top 40 Superstars Researchers who are lifetime achievers in their fields across all disciplines (ranked number 3 among the five best-performing researchers in physics and mathematics/thermal sciences). Hari Vuthaluru completed his Ph.D. from the University of Newcastle on the pre-treatment of coal for remediation of ash-related problems in power utilities. Before commencing research work in Australia, he completed both Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees in India and gained invaluable experience in several roles withEngineers India Ltd, Delhi. He is currently an Associate Professor and has worked as a Course Coordinator for 14 years for all graduate programs in the Department of Chemical Engineering. For the last several years, Dr. Vuthaluru has made extensive contributions in the area of coal and biomass combustion research at national and international levels. His specific research interests include optimization of power utility equipment and chemical process units through CFD modeling, design and commissioning of bench-/pilot-scale facilities for coal conversion processes, ash-related issues in power utilities, desalination, and predictive tools for oil and gas industries, which include NTPC-India, BHEL-India, PT Berau and West Java power utility in Indonesia, Energy Research Foundation and KEMA in Holland and CSIRO, ACIRL, University of Newcastle, Wesfarmers Coal, and Transfield Worley in Australia. He has published six book chapters, one research book, and more than 244 articles (refereed journal papers, conference papers, and industrial reports). Dr. Vuthaluru hasrecently been listed among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020 in the energy space, according to a Stanford University study. Dr. Vuthaluru is a Fellow of the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) and a lifetime Senior Member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Shaomin Liu is a Professor at the WA School of Mines (WASM): Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering at Curtin University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the National University of Singapore in 2002 and then worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2005. Since the end of 2008, he has been working at Curtin University, Australia. His research interests include inorganic membranes for gas separation, membrane reactors for gas reactions, nanoporous materials, solid oxide fuel cells, bioceramics, nanoparticlesfor antimicrobial property, and advanced oxidations for water treatment. He is the editor of the Journal of Membrane Science. He has published one patent, six book chapters, and more than 400 scientific papers featured in peer-reviewed international journals.

• 1-Background.- 2-Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC).- 3-PTC Enhancement Using Passive Techniques.- 4-PTC Enhancement Using Nanofluids.- 5-Discussion on heat transfer enhancement methods.- 6-Conclusions and Recommendations.

Hussein A. Mohammed obtained his Bachelor's and Master's degrees from Baghdad University and Ph.D. from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UTN) of Malaysia jointly with the University of Southern Queensland of Australia".  His PhD thesis received a Dean's Award for Research Higher Degree Excellence Award (Outstanding Doctoral Research). He holds another Ph.D. in Renewable Energy from Curtin University of Australia. He is a Research Associate working at Curtin University and an Adjunct Associate Professor at Edith Cowan University (ECU) Australia. His research interests are on a wide range of inter-disciplinary issues (both numerically and experimentally) in aerodynamics, instrumentation development and testing, fundamentals and advanced applied heat transfer aspects, fluid flow, CFD modeling, solar energy, renewable energy technologies, phase change materials for energy storage, nanotechnology (nanofluids), MEMS and combustion engineering and science. He has published more than 150 refereed papers in prestigious peer-reviewed international journals with high impact factors. He is an Associate Editor of the Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry and the Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology Journal, and an International Advisory Board and Editorial Board member of many reputed international journals such as the Engineering section of Heliyon, the Journal of Thermal Engineering, and the MDPI journals Energies, Processes and Molecules, and Thermal Science. He is a member of the scientific committees of various international conferences and scientific reviewer for various international scientific journals (more than 90). Dr. Hussein has recently been featured among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020, according to a Stanford University study. He is the recipient of Publons Global Peer Review Awards as top 1% of global peer reviewers for Engineering and Crossfield categories for the year 2019. He has received various international research awards such as Top 20 Prominent Researchers, Significant Achievement Award, Research Impact Award, and The Most Productive Researcher Award from his previous employers due to his significant contribution in high impact factor international journals. He also won Gold Medals at international research exhibitions for his outstanding research prototypes. Dr. Hussein has recently been listed in Australia's Top 40 Superstars Researchers who are lifetime achievers in their fields across all disciplines (ranked number 3 among the five best-performing researchers in physics and mathematics/thermal sciences). Hari Vuthaluru completed his Ph.D. from the University of Newcastle on the pre-treatment of coal for remediation of ash-related problems in power utilities. Before commencing research work in Australia, he completed both Bachelor’s and Master’s Degrees in India and gained invaluable experience in several roles withEngineers India Ltd, Delhi. He is currently an Associate Professor and has worked as a Course Coordinator for 14 years for all graduate programs in the Department of Chemical Engineering. For the last several years, Dr. Vuthaluru has made extensive contributions in the area of coal and biomass combustion research at national and international levels. His specific research interests include optimization of power utility equipment and chemical process units through CFD modeling, design and commissioning of bench-/pilot-scale facilities for coal conversion processes, ash-related issues in power utilities, desalination, and predictive tools for oil and gas industries, which include NTPC-India, BHEL-India, PT Berau and West Java power utility in Indonesia, Energy Research Foundation and KEMA in Holland and CSIRO, ACIRL, University of Newcastle, Wesfarmers Coal, and Transfield Worley in Australia. He has published six book chapters, one research book, and more than 244 articles (refereed journal papers, conference papers, and industrial reports). Dr. Vuthaluru hasrecently been listed among the World's Top 2% Scientists List 2020 in the energy space, according to a Stanford University study. Dr. Vuthaluru is a Fellow of the Institute of Chemical Engineers (IChemE) and a lifetime Senior Member of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE).Shaomin Liu is a Professor at the WA School of Mines (WASM): Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering at Curtin University. He received his Ph.D. degree from the National University of Singapore in 2002 and then worked as a postdoctoral research fellow in chemical engineering at the California Institute of Technology from 2002 to 2005. Since the end of 2008, he has been working at Curtin University, Australia. His research interests include inorganic membranes for gas separation, membrane reactors for gas reactions, nanoporous materials, solid oxide fuel cells, bioceramics, nanoparticlesfor antimicrobial property, and advanced oxidations for water treatment. He is the editor of the Journal of Membrane Science. He has published one patent, six book chapters, and more than 400 scientific papers featured in peer-reviewed international journals.

• 1-Background.- 2-Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC).- 3-PTC Enhancement Using Passive Techniques.- 4-PTC Enhancement Using Nanofluids.- 5-Discussion on heat transfer enhancement methods.- 6-Conclusions and Recommendations.