Cruciate Ligaments in Total Knee Arthroplasty

Alfred J. Tria Jr., MD, Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery (Emeritus), Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA Giles Scuderi, MD, Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell , Hempstead, New York, USA

• Part I. Background.- The Evolution of Total Knee Replacements.- Part II. Basics.- Anatomy of the Cruciate Ligaments.- Kinematics of the Knee.- Part III. Total Knee Designs with Respect to the Cruciate Ligaments.- The PCL-Sparing Total Knee Arthroplasty.- Medial Pivot Total Knee Arthroplasty.- PCL Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty.- Bicruciate Substituting Total Knee Arthroplasty.- Bicruciate Retaining Total Knee Arthroplasty.- Partial Knee Arthroplasties.- Part IV. Surgical Techniques.- Surgical Technique for Kinematically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty That Preserves the Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Restores Anterior Cruciate Ligament Stability and Native Knee Kinematics.- Ligament Gap Balancing Techniques.- Robotic Techniques in Total Knee Arthroplasty.- The Artificial Intelligence Technique.- Part V. Rehabilitation Programs.- Total Knee Arthroplasty Rehabilitation and the Cruciate Ligament.- Part VI. Results.- Comparative Kinematic Analysis of Modern TKA Designs.- Future Considerations for Total Knee Arthroplasty.