Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara received the Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in 2011. From 2011 to 2013, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher (Marie Curie fellowship) in ESIEE Paris, University Paris-East where he was actively involved in designing and implementing critical blocks for wideband RF transmitters. Specifically, he proposed numerous green communication techniques to reduce power consumption and increase efficiency of nonlinear high power amplifiers used in RF transmitters. In 2013, he joined IIIT-Delhi, India, where he is currently full Professor and Dean (Innovation, Research and Development). He has authored and coauthored over 150 publications in major IEEE/IET journals and refereed international conferences, two book chapters, and seven patents. Dr. Bohara also supervises the Wirocomm Research Lab at IIIT Delhi which deals with state of the art research in wireless communication and allied area and is also the co-founding faculty member for Li-Fi Centre of excellence @ IIIT-Delhi. His research interests are next-generation communication technologies such as Visible Light Communication (VLC), hybrid RF-VLC communication, integration of optical communication with intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS), UAV, and vehicular communication. Dr. Bohara received First Prize in National Instruments ASEAN Virtual Instrumentation Applications Contest in 2007 and 2010. He was also the recipient of the Best Paper Award at the IEEE ANTS 2022 and the best poster and demo awards (runners up) at IEEE Comsnets 2016, 2023, 2025 conferences respectively.Dr. R. Swaminathan (Senior Member, IEEE) obtained his B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SASTRA University, Thanjavur, in 2009, followed by an M.E. in Communication Systems from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, in 2011. He earned his Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur in 2016. From 2015 to 2019, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, and served as a visiting faculty member there in July 2023 and 2024. Between 2019 and 2023, Dr. Swaminathan worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Indore. Since October 2023, he has been serving as an Associate Professor in the same department. Dr. Swaminathan has authored or co-authored 90 publications, including 39 journal articles, 49 IEEE conference articles, and 2 book chapters. His research focuses on Wireless Communications, Communication Systems, and Coding Theory. He has been recognized with a Gold Medal from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University. Additionally, he is a reviewer for prestigious IEEE journals and has served as a Technical Program Committee (TPC) member for reputed IEEE flagship conferences. In 2021, he was honored as an Exemplary Reviewer for his significant contributions in reviewing IEEE Communications Letters journal.

• Introduction.- Optical Networks.- Fibre-to-the -X.- Fibre-less Optical Networks.- Optical and Visible light Communications.- Free Space Optical Communications.- Indoor and vehicular optical wireless communication.- Wireless Multiple access Networks.- Multi-user diversity.- IEEE 802 Standards.- Integrated Optical/Wireless Access.- Conclusion.

Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara received the Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in 2011. From 2011 to 2013, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher (Marie Curie fellowship) in ESIEE Paris, University Paris-East where he was actively involved in designing and implementing critical blocks for wideband RF transmitters. Specifically, he proposed numerous green communication techniques to reduce power consumption and increase efficiency of nonlinear high power amplifiers used in RF transmitters. In 2013, he joined IIIT-Delhi, India, where he is currently full Professor and Dean (Innovation, Research and Development). He has authored and coauthored over 150 publications in major IEEE/IET journals and refereed international conferences, two book chapters, and seven patents. Dr. Bohara also supervises the Wirocomm Research Lab at IIIT Delhi which deals with state of the art research in wireless communication and allied area and is also the co-founding faculty member for Li-Fi Centre of excellence @ IIIT-Delhi. His research interests are next-generation communication technologies such as Visible Light Communication (VLC), hybrid RF-VLC communication, integration of optical communication with intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS), UAV, and vehicular communication. Dr. Bohara received First Prize in National Instruments ASEAN Virtual Instrumentation Applications Contest in 2007 and 2010. He was also the recipient of the Best Paper Award at the IEEE ANTS 2022 and the best poster and demo awards (runners up) at IEEE Comsnets 2016, 2023, 2025 conferences respectively.Dr. R. Swaminathan (Senior Member, IEEE) obtained his B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SASTRA University, Thanjavur, in 2009, followed by an M.E. in Communication Systems from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, in 2011. He earned his Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur in 2016. From 2015 to 2019, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, and served as a visiting faculty member there in July 2023 and 2024. Between 2019 and 2023, Dr. Swaminathan worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Indore. Since October 2023, he has been serving as an Associate Professor in the same department. Dr. Swaminathan has authored or co-authored 90 publications, including 39 journal articles, 49 IEEE conference articles, and 2 book chapters. His research focuses on Wireless Communications, Communication Systems, and Coding Theory. He has been recognized with a Gold Medal from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University. Additionally, he is a reviewer for prestigious IEEE journals and has served as a Technical Program Committee (TPC) member for reputed IEEE flagship conferences. In 2021, he was honored as an Exemplary Reviewer for his significant contributions in reviewing IEEE Communications Letters journal.

• Introduction.- Optical Networks.- Fibre-to-the -X.- Fibre-less Optical Networks.- Optical and Visible light Communications.- Free Space Optical Communications.- Indoor and vehicular optical wireless communication.- Wireless Multiple access Networks.- Multi-user diversity.- IEEE 802 Standards.- Integrated Optical/Wireless Access.- Conclusion.

Dr. Vivek Ashok Bohara received the Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, in 2011. From 2011 to 2013, he was a Postdoctoral Researcher (Marie Curie fellowship) in ESIEE Paris, University Paris-East where he was actively involved in designing and implementing critical blocks for wideband RF transmitters. Specifically, he proposed numerous green communication techniques to reduce power consumption and increase efficiency of nonlinear high power amplifiers used in RF transmitters. In 2013, he joined IIIT-Delhi, India, where he is currently full Professor and Dean (Innovation, Research and Development). He has authored and coauthored over 150 publications in major IEEE/IET journals and refereed international conferences, two book chapters, and seven patents. Dr. Bohara also supervises the Wirocomm Research Lab at IIIT Delhi which deals with state of the art research in wireless communication and allied area and is also the co-founding faculty member for Li-Fi Centre of excellence @ IIIT-Delhi. His research interests are next-generation communication technologies such as Visible Light Communication (VLC), hybrid RF-VLC communication, integration of optical communication with intelligent reflective surfaces (IRS), UAV, and vehicular communication. Dr. Bohara received First Prize in National Instruments ASEAN Virtual Instrumentation Applications Contest in 2007 and 2010. He was also the recipient of the Best Paper Award at the IEEE ANTS 2022 and the best poster and demo awards (runners up) at IEEE Comsnets 2016, 2023, 2025 conferences respectively.Dr. R. Swaminathan (Senior Member, IEEE) obtained his B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from SASTRA University, Thanjavur, in 2009, followed by an M.E. in Communication Systems from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, in 2011. He earned his Ph.D. from IIT Kharagpur in 2016. From 2015 to 2019, he was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, and served as a visiting faculty member there in July 2023 and 2024. Between 2019 and 2023, Dr. Swaminathan worked as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at IIT Indore. Since October 2023, he has been serving as an Associate Professor in the same department. Dr. Swaminathan has authored or co-authored 90 publications, including 39 journal articles, 49 IEEE conference articles, and 2 book chapters. His research focuses on Wireless Communications, Communication Systems, and Coding Theory. He has been recognized with a Gold Medal from the College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University. Additionally, he is a reviewer for prestigious IEEE journals and has served as a Technical Program Committee (TPC) member for reputed IEEE flagship conferences. In 2021, he was honored as an Exemplary Reviewer for his significant contributions in reviewing IEEE Communications Letters journal.

• Introduction.- Optical Networks.- Fibre-to-the -X.- Fibre-less Optical Networks.- Optical and Visible light Communications.- Free Space Optical Communications.- Indoor and vehicular optical wireless communication.- Wireless Multiple access Networks.- Multi-user diversity.- IEEE 802 Standards.- Integrated Optical/Wireless Access.- Conclusion.