This book presents the proceedings of the 214th course of the Enrico Fermi School, Quantum Computers and Simulators with Atoms, held at Villa Monastero in Varenna, Lake Como (Italy), from July 5 to 14, 2024. Contributors offer state-of-the-art insights into the theoretical and experimental foundations of quantum computing and simulation with ultracold neutral atoms, complemented by concise, targeted lectures on specialized topics and related scientific fields.In recent years, ultracold atoms in optical lattices and tweezers have emerged as leading platforms for quantum simulation and computing. Topics include quantum computation and simulation, ultracold quantum gases, neutral atoms in optical lattices, Rydberg atoms in optical tweezer arrays, trapped ions, strongly correlated systems, non-equilibrium quantum dynamics, quantum information and control, quantum metrology and sensing, and superconducting and photonic platforms. The book is aimed at Ph.D. students, postdoctoral researchers, and faculty in the field.