Katarzyna Kopczewska – quantitative regional economist, spatial econometrician, works at Department of Statistics and Econometrics at the Faculty of Economic Sciences at the University of Warsaw, Poland.Paweł Churski - economic geographer, works in the Department of Regional Analysis at the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management at the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland.Adam Polko – urban economist, works in the Department of Spatial Economics at the University of Economics in Katowice, Poland.Artur Ochojski – urban and innovation economist, works in the Department of Strategic and Regional Research at the University of Economics in Katowice, Poland.

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• Introduction.- 1. The theoretical foundations of specialization, agglomeration and concentration.- 2. A review of localization measures.- 3. An empirical comparison of localization measures.- 4. Smart specialization and place-based policy. -5. Conclusion.