Vani Kant Borooah is Emeritus Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK.

• 1. Introduction.- 2. Barriers to Accessing Higher Education: Caste, Religion, Gender, and Poverty.- 3. Coping with English as a Medium of Instruction.- 4. Students' Expenditure on Education.- 5. Educational Institutions.- 6. Affirmative Action in Education.- 7. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.

Vani Kant Borooah is Emeritus Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK.

• 1. Introduction.- 2. Barriers to Accessing Higher Education: Caste, Religion, Gender, and Poverty.- 3. Coping with English as a Medium of Instruction.- 4. Students' Expenditure on Education.- 5. Educational Institutions.- 6. Affirmative Action in Education.- 7. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.

Vani Kant Borooah is Emeritus Professor of Applied Economics at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland, UK.

• 1. Introduction.- 2. Barriers to Accessing Higher Education: Caste, Religion, Gender, and Poverty.- 3. Coping with English as a Medium of Instruction.- 4. Students' Expenditure on Education.- 5. Educational Institutions.- 6. Affirmative Action in Education.- 7. Conclusions and Policy Recommendations.