Design of Steel Structures for Buildings in Seismic Areas

Rafaelle Landolfo is Professor at the University of Naples, Institute of Contructional Engineering and Architecture.Federico Mazzolani is Emeritus Professor of Structural Engineering at the University of Naples.Dan Dubina is Professor at the Department of Steel Structures and Structural Mechanics, Politehnica University of Timisoara, Romania. Luis Sim?es da Silva is Professor of Structural Mechanics at the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Coimbra, Portugal.

• FOREWORD XIIIPREFACE XVIIChapter 1 SEISMIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN STRUCTURAL CODES 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fundamentals of seismic design 21.2.1 Capacity design 21.2.2 Seismic design concepts 61.3 Codification of seismic design 111.3.1 Evolution of seismic design codes 111.3.2 New perspectives and trends in seismic codification 19Chapter 2 EN 1998-1: GENERAL AND MATERIAL INDEPENDENT PARTS 252.1 Introduction 252.2 Performance requirements and compliance criteria 272.2.1 Fundamental requirements 272.2.2 Ultimate limit state 322.2.3 Damage limitation state 342.2.4 Specific measures 352.3 Seismic action 362.3.1 The fundamentals of the dynamic model 362.3.2 Basic representation of the seismic action 402.3.3 The seismic action according to EN 1998-1 462.3.4 Alternative representations of the seismic action 522.3.5 Design spectrum for elastic analysis 542.3.6 Combinations of the seismic action with other types of actions 562.4 Characteristics of earthquake resistant buildings 582.4.1 Basic principles of conceptual design 582.4.2 Primary and secondary seismic members 602.4.3 Criteria for structural regularity 612.5 Methods of structural seismic analysis 702.5.1 Introduction 702.5.2 Lateral force method 722.5.3 Linear modal response spectrum analysis 752.5.4 Nonlinear static pushover analysis 842.5.5 Nonlinear time-history dynamic analysis 902.6 Structural modelling 942.6.1 Introduction 942.6.2 Modelling of masses 962.6.3 Modelling of damping 982.6.4 Modelling of structural mechanical properties 1012.7 Accidental torsional effects 1072.7.1 Accidental eccentricity 1072.7.2 Accidental torsional effects in the lateral force method of analysis 1092.7.3 Accidental torsional effects in modal response spectrum analysis 1102.7.4 Accidental torsional effects in nonlinear static pushover analysis 1112.7.5 Accidental torsional effects in linear and nonlinear dynamic time history analysis 1142.8 Combination of effects induced by different components of the seismic action 1142.9 Calculation of structural displacements 1172.10 Second order effects in seismic linear elastic analysis 1182.11 Design verifications 1212.11.1 Safety verifications 1212.11.2 Damage limitation 126Chapter 3 EN 1998-1: DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR STEEL STRUCTURES 1293.1 Design concepts for steel buildings 1293.2 Requirements for steel mechanical properties 1333.2.1 Strength and ductility 1333.2.2 Toughness 1353.3 Structural typologies and behaviour factors 1373.3.1 Structural types 1373.3.2 Behaviour factors 1413.4 Design criteria and detailing rules for dissipative structural behaviour common to all structural types 1453.4.1 Introduction 1453.4.2 Design rules for cross sections in dissipative members 1453.4.3 Design rules for non-dissipative connections 1473.4.4 Design rules and requirements for dissipative connections 1483.4.5 Design rules and requirements for non-dissipative members 1483.5 Design criteria and detailing rules for moment resisting frames 1493.5.1 Code requirements for beams 1493.5.2 Code requirements for columns 1523.5.3 Code requirements for beam-to-column joints 1533.6 Design criteria and detailing rules for concentrically braced frames 1583.6.1 Code requirements for braces 1583.6.2 Code requirements for beams and columns 1623.7 Design criteria and detailing rules for eccentrically braced frames 1643.7.1 Code requirements for seismic links 1643.7.2 Code requirements for members not containing seismic links 1713.7.3 Code requirements for connections of the seismic links 172Chapter 4 DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DUCTILE DETAILS 1734.1 Introduction 1734.2 Seismic design and detailing of composite steel-concrete slabs 1744.3 Ductile details for moment resisting frames 1824.3.1 Detailing of beams 1824.3.2 Detailing of beam-to-column joints 1864.3.3 Detailing of column bases 2104.4 Ductile details for concentrically braced frames 2154.4.1 Introduction 2154.4.2 Detailing of brace-to-beam/column joints 2164.4.3 Detailing of brace-to-beam midspan connections 2284.4.4 Detailing of brace-to-brace connections 2304.4.5 Detailing of brace-to-column base connections 2354.4.6 Optimal slope, constructional tolerances and local details for braces 2364.5 Ductile details for eccentrically braced frames 2394.5.1 Detailing of links 2394.5.2 Detailing of link lateral torsional restraints 2414.5.3 Detailing of diagonal brace-to-link connections 2444.5.4 Detailing of link-to-column connections 245Chapter 5 DESIGN ASSISTED BY TESTING 2475.1 Introduction 2475.2 Design assisted by testing according to EN 1990 2485.2.1 Introduction 2485.2.2 General overview of EN 1990 2505.2.3 Testing 2525.2.4 Derivation of design values 2545.3 Testing of seismic components and devices 2625.3.1 Introduction 2625.3.2 Quasi-static monotonic and cyclic testing 2625.3.3 Pseudo-dynamic testing 2755.3.4 Dynamic testing 2775.4 Application: experimental qualification of buckling restrained braces 2785.4.1 Introduction and scope 2785.4.2 Test specifications 2795.4.3 Test specimens 2805.4.4 Test setup and loading protocol for ITT 2805.4.5 Results 2815.4.6 Fabrication Production Control tests 283Chapter 6 MULTI-STOREY BUILDING WITH MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES 2856.1 Building description and design assumptions 2856.1.1 Building description 2856.1.2 Normative references 2876.1.3 Materials 2886.1.4 Actions 2896.1.5 Pre-design 2926.2 Structural analysis and calculation models 2936.2.1 General features 2936.2.2 Modelling assumptions 2966.2.3 Numerical models and method of analysis 2976.2.4 Imperfections for global analysis of frames 3016.2.5 Frame stability and second order effects 3036.3 Design and verification of structural members 3046.3.1 Design and verification of beams 3046.3.2 Design and verification of columns 3106.3.3 Panel zone of beam-to-column joints 3166.4 Damage limitation 3196.5 Pushover analysis and assessment of seismic performance 3206.5.1 Introduction 3206.5.2 Modelling assumptions 3216.5.3 Pushover analysis 3286.5.4 Transformation to an equivalent SDOF system 3316.5.5 Evaluation of the seismic demand 3336.5.6 Evaluation of the structural performance 334Chapter 7 MULTI-STOREY BUILDING WITH CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES 3357.1 Building description and design assumptions 3357.1.1 Building description 3357.1.2 Normative references 3377.1.3 Materials 3377.1.4 Actions 3387.1.5 Pre-design 3407.2 Structural analysis and calculation models 3427.2.1 General features 3427.2.2 Modelling assumptions 3427.2.3 Numerical models and method of analysis 3447.2.4 Imperfections for global analysis of frames 3487.2.5 Frame stability and second order effects 3497.3 Design and verification of structural members 3507.3.1 Design and verification of X-CBFs 3507.3.2 Design and verification of inverted V-CBFs 3577.4 Damage limitation 365Chapter 8 MULTI-STOREY BUILDING WITH ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES 3698.1 Building description and design assumptions 3698.1.1 Building description 3698.1.2 Normative references 3718.1.3 Materials 3718.1.4 Actions 3728.2 Structural analysis and calculation models 3748.2.1 General features 3748.2.2 Modelling assumptions 3758.2.3 Numerical models and method of analysis 3768.2.4 Imperfections for global analysis of frames 3808.2.5 Frame stability and second order effects 3808.3 Design and verification of structural members 3818.3.1 Design and verification of shear links 3818.3.2 Design and verification of beam segments outside the link 3848.3.3 Design and verification of braces 3848.3.4 Design and verification of columns 3858.4 Damage limitation 388Chapter 9 CASE STUDIES 3919.1 Introduction 3919.2 The Bucharest Tower Centre International 3939.2.1 General description 3939.2.2 Design considerations 3979.2.3 Detailing 4219.2.4 Construction 4229.3 Single storey Industrial Warehouse in Bucharest 4329.3.1 General description 4329.3.2 Design considerations 4359.4 The Fire Station of Naples 4499.4.1 General description 4499.4.2 Design considerations and constructional details 4569.4.3 The anti-seismic devices 467REFERENCES 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