Visible-Light-Active Photocatalysis

Dr. Srabanti Ghosh is currently a Senior Research Associate (Scientists' Pool Scheme) in the Fuel Cell and Battery Division, at the CSIR-Central Glass and Ceramic Research Institute in Kolkota, India. She received her PhD in 2010 from UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, Kolkata Centre and Jadavpur University, Kolkata, followed by a position as research associate at the Centre for Advanced Material, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Kolkota. After a research stay as a postdoctoral fellow (RBUCE UP, Marie Curie Cofund) at the Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, University of Paris-Sud, France, she was appointed as Visiting Assistant Professor at the S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences in Kolkata, India. Her research interests encompass synthesis and applications of semiconductor, graphene and polymer-based nanomaterials, sensing, solar light harvesting, liquid fuel cells and catalysis

• Preface xviiPart I Visible-Light Active Photocatalysis – Research and Technological Advancements 11 Research Frontiers in Solar Light Harvesting 3Srabanti Ghosh1.1 Introduction 31.2 Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalysis for Environmental Protection 41.3 Photocatalysis forWater Splitting 81.4 Photocatalysis for Organic Transformations 111.5 Mechanistic Studies of Visible-Light-Active Photocatalysis 131.6 Summary 14References 152 Recent Advances on Photocatalysis forWater Detoxification and CO2 Reduction 27Carlotta Raviola and Stefano Protti2.1 Introduction 272.2 Photocatalysts for Environmental Remediation and CO2 Reduction 302.3 Photoreactors for Solar Degradation of Organic Pollutants and CO2 Reduction 382.4 Conclusion 44Acknowledgment 44References 453 Fundamentals of PhotocatalyticWater Splitting (Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution) 53Sanjib Shyamal, Paramita Hajra, Harahari Mandal, Aparajita Bera, Debasis Sariket, and Chinmoy Bhattacharya3.1 Introduction 533.2 Strategy for Development of Photocatalyst Systems forWater Splitting 543.3 Electrochemistry of Semiconductors at the Electrolyte Interface 563.4 Effect of Light at the Semiconductor–Electrolyte Interface 583.5 Conversion and Storage of Sunlight 623.6 Electrolysis and Photoelectrolysis 633.7 Development of Photocatalysts for Solar-DrivenWater Splitting 653.8 Approaches to Develop Visible-Light-AbsorbingMetal Oxides 663.9 Conclusions 68References 684 Photoredox Catalytic Activation of Carbon—Halogen Bonds: C—H Functionalization Reactions under Visible Light 75Javier I. Bardagi and Indrajit Ghosh4.1 Introduction 754.2 Activation of Alkyl Halides 774.3 Activation of Aryl Halides 914.4 Factors That Determine the Carbon–Halogen Bond Activation of Aryl Halides 1084.5 Factors That Determine the Yields of the C—H Arylated Products 1094.6 Achievements and Challenges Ahead 1094.7 Conclusion 110References 110Part II Design and Developments of Visible Light Active Photocatalysis 1155 Black TiO2: The New-Generation Photocatalyst 117Sanjay Gopal Ullattil, Soumya B. Narendranath, and Pradeepan Periyat5.1 Introduction 1175.2 Designing Black TiO2 Nanostructures 1185.3 Black TiO2 as Photocatalyst 1225.4 Conclusions 123References 1236 Effect of Modification of TiO2 with Metal Nanoparticles on Its Photocatalytic Properties Studied by Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity 129Hynd Remita,María GuadalupeMéndezMedrano, and Christophe Colbeau-Justin6.1 Introduction 1296.2 Deposition of Metal Nanoparticles by Radiolysis and by Photodeposition Method 1306.3 Electronic Properties Studied Time-Resolved Microwave Conductivity 1326.4 Modification of TiO2 with Au Nanoparticles 1386.5 Modification of TiO2 with Bi Clusters 1446.6 Surface Modification of TiO2 with Bimetallic Nanoparticles 1466.7 The Effect of Metal Cluster Deposition Route on Structure and Photocatalytic Activity of Mono- and Bimetallic Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2 1556.8 Summary 156References 1577 Glassy Photocatalysts: New Trend in Solar Photocatalysis 165Bharat B. Kale,Manjiri A. Mahadadalkar, and Ashwini P. Bhirud7.1 Introduction 1657.2 Fundamentals of H2S Splitting 1667.3 Designing the Assembly for H2S Splitting 1687.4 Chalcogenide Photocatalysts 1707.5 Limitations of Powder Photocatalysts 1707.6 Glassy Photocatalyst: Innovative Approach 1717.7 General Methods for Glasses Preparation 1727.8 Color of the Glass – Bandgap Engineering by Growth of7.9 CdS–Glass Nanocomposite 1747.10 Bi2S3–Glass Nanocomposite 1787.11 Ag3PO4–Glass Nanocomposite 1797.12 Summary 183Acknowledgments 184References 1848 Recent Developments in Heterostructure-Based Catalysts for Water Splitting 191J. A. SavioMoniz8.1 Introduction 1918.2 Visible-Light-Responsive Junctions 1958.3 Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalyst/OEC Junctions 2078.4 Observation of Charge Carrier Kinetics in Heterojunction Structure 2098.5 Conclusions 215References 2169 Conducting Polymers Nanostructures for Solar-Light Harvesting 227Srabanti Ghosh, Hynd Remita, and Rajendra N. Basu9.1 Introduction 2279.2 Conducting Polymers as Organic Semiconductor 2289.3 Conducting Polymer-Based Nanostructured Materials 2319.4 Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanostructures 2319.5 Applications of Conducting Polymer 2339.6 Conclusion 245References 246Part III Visible Light Active Photocatalysis for Solar Energy Conversion and Environmental Protection 25310 Sensitization of TiO2 by Dyes: A Way to Extend the Range of Photocatalytic Activity of TiO2 to the Visible Region 255Marta I. Litter, Enrique San Román, the late María A. Grela, Jorge M. Meichtry, and Hernán B. Rodríguez10.1 Introduction 25510.2 Mechanisms Involved in theUse of Dye-Modified TiO2 Materials for Transformation of Pollutants and Hydrogen Production under Visible Irradiation 25610.3 Use of Dye-Modified TiO2 Materials for Energy Conversion in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 26010.4 Self-Sensitized Degradation of Dye Pollutants 26210.5 Use of Dye-Modified TiO2 for Visible-Light-Assisted Degradation of Colorless Pollutants 26510.6 Water Splitting and Hydrogen Production using Dye-Modified TiO2 Photocatalysts under Visible Light 26910.7 Conclusions 270Acknowledgement 271References 27111 Advances in the Development of Novel Photocatalysts for Detoxification 283Ciara Byrne,Michael Nolan, Swagata Banerjee, Honey John, Sheethu Jose, Pradeepan Periyat, and Suresh C. Pillai11.1 Introduction 28311.2 Theoretical Studies of Photocatalysis 28511.3 Metal-Doped Photocatalysts for Detoxification 29611.4 Graphene-TiO2 Composites for Detoxification 29911.5 Commercial Applications of Photocatalysis in Environmental Detoxification 30311.6 Conclusions 313References 31312 Metal-Free Organic Semiconductors for Visible-Light-Active Photocatalytic Water Splitting 329S. T. Nishanthi, Battula Venugopala Rao, and Kamalakannan Kailasam12.1 Introduction 32912.2 Organic Semiconductors for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting and Emergence of Graphitic Carbon Nitrides 33112.3 Graphitic Carbon Nitrides for PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 33212.4 Novel Materials 34912.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 351References 35213 Solar Photochemical Splitting ofWater 365Srinivasa Rao Lingampalli and C. N. R. Rao13.1 Introduction 36513.2 PhotocatalyticWater Splitting 36613.3 OverallWater Splitting 37113.4 Oxidation ofWater 37613.5 Reduction ofWater 38013.6 Coupled Reactions 38613.7 Summary and Outlook 387Acknowledgments 387References 38714 Recent Developments on Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis by Organic Dyes for Organic Synthesis 393Shounak Ray, Partha Kumar Samanta, and Papu Biswas14.1 Introduction 39314.2 General Mechanism 39314.3 Recent Application of Organic Dyes as Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysts 39614.4 Conclusion 415Abbreviations 415References 41515 Visible-Light Heterogeneous Catalysts for Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 421Sanyasinaidu Boddu, S.T. Nishanthi, and Kamalakannan Kailasam15.1 Introduction 42115.2 Basic Principles of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 42215.3 Inorganic Semiconductors 42415.4 Organic Semiconductors 43015.5 Semiconductor Heterojunctions 43615.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 437References 438Part IV Mechanistic Studies of Visible Light Active Photocatalysis 44716 Band-gap Engineering of Photocatalysts: Surface Modification versus Doping 449Ewa Kowalska, ZhishunWei, and Marcin Janczarek16.1 Introduction 44916.2 Doping 45116.3 Surface Modification 45816.4 Heterojunctions 46816.5 Z-Scheme 47016.6 Hybrid Nanostructures 47116.7 Summary 473References 47317 Roles of the Active Species Generated during Photocatalysis 485Mats Jonsson17.1 Introduction 48517.2 Mechanism of Photocatalysis in TiO2/Water Systems 48617.3 Active Species Generated at the Catalyst/Water Interface 48617.4 Oxidative Degradation of Solutes Present in the Aqueous Phase 49017.5 Impact of H2O2 on Oxidative Degradation of Solutes Present in the Aqueous Phase 49217.6 The Role of Common Anions Present in the Aqueous Phase 49317.7 Summary of Active Species Present in Heterogeneous Photocatalysis in Water 494References 49518 Visible-Light-Active Photocatalysis: Nanostructured Catalyst Design,Mechanisms, and Applications 499Ramachandran Vasant Kumar andMichael Coto18.1 Introduction 49918.2 Historical Background 49918.3 Basic Concepts 50118.4 Structure of TiO2 50418.5 Photocatalytic Reactions 50618.6 Physical Architectures of TiO2 50718.7 Visible-Light Photocatalysis 50918.8 Ion Doping and Ion Implantation 51018.9 Dye Sensitization 51318.10 Noble Metal Loading 51418.11 Coupled Semiconductors 51818.12 Carbon–TiO2 Composites 51818.13 Alternatives to TiO2 52018.14 Conclusions 521References 522Part V Challenges and Perspectives of Visible Light Active Photocatalysis for Large Scale Applications 52719 Quantum Dynamics Effects in Photocatalysis 529Abdulrahiman Nijamudheen and Alexey V. Akimov19.1 Introduction 52919.2 Computational Approaches to Model Adiabatic Processes in Photocatalysis 53119.3 Computational Approaches to Model Nonadiabatic Effects in Photocatalysis 53219.4 Quantum Tunneling in Adiabatic and Nonadiabatic Dynamics 53519.5 The Mechanisms of Organic Reactions Catalyzed by Semiconductor Photocatalysts 54119.5.1 Methanol Photooxidation on Semiconductor Surfaces 54119.5.2 Water-Splitting Reactions on Semiconductor Surfaces 54419.5.3 Carbon Oxide Redox Reactions on Semiconductor Surfaces 54619.6 Conclusions and Outlook 547References 54920 An Overview of Solar Photocatalytic Reactor Designs and Their Broader Impact on the Environment 567Justin D. Glover, Adam C. Hartley, Reid A.Windmiller, Naoma S. Nelsen, and Joel E. Boyd20.1 Introduction 56720.2 Materials 56820.3 Slurry-Style Photocatalysis 56920.4 Deposited Photocatalysts 56920.5 Applications 57020.6 Conclusion 577References 57721 Conclusions and FutureWork 585Srabanti GhoshIndex 589