Ya Yang, Professor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Prof. Ya Yang has developed various new hybridized and multi-effects coupled nanogenerators, opening up the new principles of the device design and coupled effects, and the new approaches of improving output performances of energy-related devices. His main research interests focus on the field of hybridized and coupled nanogenerators for energy conversion, self-powered sensing, and some new physical effects. He has published more than 170 SCI academic papers in Science Advances and other journals. These papers have been cited by more than 10000 times, and the corresponding H-index is 60 (web of science). Prof. Yang is the editorial committee member of iScience, Nano-Micro Letters and some other journals. Details can be found at: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-7219-2016.

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• Forewords xiPreface xiii1 Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Hybridized Nanogenerators 21.2.1 Hybrid Energy Cells 21.2.2 Electromagnetic–Triboelectric Hybridized Nanogenerators 41.2.3 Other Hybridized Nanogenerators 61.3 Coupled Nanogenerators 91.3.1 Pyroelectric and Photovoltaic Coupled Nanogenerators 101.3.2 Multi-effects Coupled Nanogenerators 101.4 Applications 131.5 Conclusion and Prospects 14References 152 Wind-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerators 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Conventional Wind Harvester 192.2.1 Working Mechanisms and Devices Structure 192.2.2 Applications 212.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Scavenging Wind Energy 212.3.1 Fundamental Modes and Structure 212.3.1.1 Vibrating Plate-Based TENGs 212.3.1.2 Enhanced Plate-Based TEGs 222.3.1.3 Elasto-aerodynamics-Driven TENGs 252.3.1.4 Others 252.3.2 Materials 272.3.2.1 Cellulose 272.3.2.2 Metal 292.3.2.3 Polymer 302.3.2.4 Nanoparticle and Nanowire 312.3.3 Performance 332.3.3.1 Mechanical Behavior 332.3.3.2 Electrical Output 372.3.4 Applications 412.3.4.1 Self-Powered Printer 412.3.4.2 Wind Gauging System 422.3.4.3 Polarization of Ferroelectric Materials 432.3.4.4 Self-Powered Wearable Electronics 432.3.4.5 Others 462.4 Comparison 522.5 Conclusion 53References 533 Electromagnetic–Triboelectric Hybridized Nanogenerators 593.1 Introduction 593.2 Working Mechanisms 593.3 Hybridized Devices Structure and Working Mechanisms 613.3.1 Shared-Electrode-Based EMG–TENG 613.3.2 Rotating-Disk-Based EMG–TENG 613.3.3 Spring-Based EMG–TENG 643.3.4 Stretchable EMG–TENG 663.3.5 Others 673.4 Materials 733.4.1 Glass Fibers/Silver Nanowires 743.4.2 Composite Materials 743.4.3 Materials with Rough Structures 743.4.4 Others 753.5 Performance 763.5.1 Conjunction Manipulation 763.5.2 Output Characteristics 773.6 Applications 843.6.1 Powering Electronic Devices 853.6.2 Self-Powered Wearable Electronics 863.6.3 Others 873.7 Summary and Perspectives 90References 914 Other Hybridized Nanogenerators 974.1 Introduction 974.1.1 Nanogenerators for Harvesting Solar Energy 974.1.2 Nanogenerators for Harvesting Electrochemical Energy 1014.2 Hybridized Photoelectric and Piezoelectric Nanogenerator 1074.2.1 Typical Materials and Structure Design 1104.2.2 Principles 1104.2.3 Applications and Performances 1154.3 Hybridized Photoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1164.3.1 Materials and Fabrication 1164.3.2 Principles and Performances 1164.3.3 Applications 1194.4 Hybridized Photoelectric and Pyroelectric Nanogenerator 1224.4.1 Materials and Structure Design 1224.4.2 Principles and Applications 1224.4.3 Performances 1264.5 Conclusions and Prospects 128References 1285 Hybridizing Nanogenerators and Sensors 1335.1 Introduction 1335.2 Materials 1335.2.1 Organic Materials 1335.2.2 Inorganic Materials 1345.3 Design of Self-Powered Sensors 1375.3.1 Pressure Sensors 1375.3.2 Strain Sensors 1405.3.3 Temperature Sensors 1425.3.4 Photodetectors 1445.3.5 Magnetic Sensors 1475.4 Performance 1485.4.1 Sensitivity 1485.4.2 Response Speed 1545.4.3 Stability 1575.5 Applications 1625.5.1 Touch and Motion Detection 1625.5.2 Strain Detection 1635.5.3 Temperature Detection 1665.5.4 Image Sensor 1665.6 Conclusion and Prospects 168References 1706 Hybridizing Nanogenerators and Energy Storage Devices 1736.1 Introduction 1736.2 Working Mechanisms 1776.2.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1776.2.1.1 PENG-Based Li-ion Batteries 1776.2.1.2 PENG-Based Supercapacitors 1786.2.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1806.2.2.1 TENG-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries 1806.2.2.2 TENG-Based Supercapacitors 1866.3 Materials 1886.3.1 Typical Piezoelectric Materials 1886.3.2 Typical Triboelectric Materials 1916.3.3 Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1946.3.4 Materials for Supercapacitors 1966.4 Devices Structure and Design 1986.4.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1986.4.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 2016.5 Performance 2036.5.1 The Charging/Discharging Performance of Lithium-ion Batteries and Supercapacitors Based on Piezoelectric Nanogenerators 2046.5.2 The Charging/Discharging Performance of TriboelectricNanogenerator-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries andSupercapacitors 2056.6 Applications 2096.6.1 Powering Electronic Devices 2096.6.2 Wearable/Portable Electronics 2116.6.3 Other Applications 2126.7 Conclusions and Prospects 212References 2147 Pyroelectric and Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2197.1 Introduction 2197.2 Working Mechanisms 2207.2.1 Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2207.2.2 Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2227.2.3 Comparison of Pyroelectric and Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2227.3 Progress of Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2237.3.1 Typical Pyroelectric Materials 2237.3.2 Structure Design 2277.3.3 Performance of Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2317.3.4 Applications for Sensing and Electrochemistry 2357.4 Progress ofThermoelectric Nanogenerators 2387.4.1 Typical Thermoelectric Materials 2387.4.2 Structure Design 2417.4.3 Thermoelectric Performance 2457.4.4 Applications in Various Fields 2477.5 Conclusions and Prospects 250References 2528 Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect Nanogenerators 2598.1 Introduction 2598.2 Basic Principle 2608.2.1 Pyroelectric Effect 2608.2.2 Photovoltaic Effect 2618.2.3 Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect 2628.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect 2658.3 Materials 2668.3.1 ZnO Nanowires 2668.3.2 BTO Materials 2688.3.3 BFO Materials 2688.3.4 Other Materials 2698.4 Device Design 2708.4.1 Vertical Structure 2708.4.2 Planar Structure 2718.5 Performance 2728.5.1 Output Electric Signals 2728.5.2 Resistance 2738.5.3 Comparison of Vertical- and Planar-Structured Nanogenerators 2758.5.4 Temperature Dependence 2778.6 Applications 2788.6.1 Common Photodetection 2798.6.2 Image Photodetection 2818.7 Conclusions and Prospects 286References 2879 Multi-effects Coupled Nanogenerators 2939.1 Introduction 2939.2 Materials 2949.2.1 Semiconductors 2949.2.2 Inorganic Ferroelectrics 2969.2.3 Polymeric Ferroelectrics 2979.3 Device Design and Working Principle 2989.3.1 Electrode/Bulk Semiconductor/Electrode Structure 2989.3.2 Electrode/Heterojunction/Electrode Structure 3029.3.3 Electrode/Ferroelectrics/Electrode Structure 3039.3.4 Other Structures 3069.4 Performance 3109.4.1 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Thermal and Light Energies 3109.4.2 Output Performance for Scavenging Thermal and Mechanical Energies 3159.4.3 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Light and Mechanical Energies 3159.4.4 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Thermal, Light, and Mechanical Energies 3169.5 Applications 3209.5.1 Energy-Storage Device Charging 3209.5.2 Electrics Powering 3229.5.3 General Sensing 3229.5.4 Multifunctional Sensing 3239.5.5 Image Sensing 3269.6 Conclusions and Prospects 331References 33110 Coupled Nanogenerators for New Physical Effects 33710.1 Introduction 33710.2 Pyro-Phototronic Effect 33810.2.1 Introduction 33810.2.2 Possible Semiconducting Materials 33810.2.3 Applications 33910.3 Ferro-Pyro-Phototronic Effect 34110.3.1 Introduction 34110.3.2 Possible Ferroelectric Materials 34110.3.3 Applications 34210.4 Thermo-Phototronic Effect 34610.4.1 Introduction 34610.4.2 Possible Thermoelectric Materials 34610.4.3 Applications 34710.5 Conclusions and Prospects 350References 352Index 357

Ya Yang, Professor Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. Prof. Ya Yang has developed various new hybridized and multi-effects coupled nanogenerators, opening up the new principles of the device design and coupled effects, and the new approaches of improving output performances of energy-related devices. His main research interests focus on the field of hybridized and coupled nanogenerators for energy conversion, self-powered sensing, and some new physical effects. He has published more than 170 SCI academic papers in Science Advances and other journals. These papers have been cited by more than 10000 times, and the corresponding H-index is 60 (web of science). Prof. Yang is the editorial committee member of iScience, Nano-Micro Letters and some other journals. Details can be found at: http://www.researcherid.com/rid/A-7219-2016.

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• Forewords xiPreface xiii1 Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Hybridized Nanogenerators 21.2.1 Hybrid Energy Cells 21.2.2 Electromagnetic–Triboelectric Hybridized Nanogenerators 41.2.3 Other Hybridized Nanogenerators 61.3 Coupled Nanogenerators 91.3.1 Pyroelectric and Photovoltaic Coupled Nanogenerators 101.3.2 Multi-effects Coupled Nanogenerators 101.4 Applications 131.5 Conclusion and Prospects 14References 152 Wind-Driven Triboelectric Nanogenerators 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Conventional Wind Harvester 192.2.1 Working Mechanisms and Devices Structure 192.2.2 Applications 212.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators for Scavenging Wind Energy 212.3.1 Fundamental Modes and Structure 212.3.1.1 Vibrating Plate-Based TENGs 212.3.1.2 Enhanced Plate-Based TEGs 222.3.1.3 Elasto-aerodynamics-Driven TENGs 252.3.1.4 Others 252.3.2 Materials 272.3.2.1 Cellulose 272.3.2.2 Metal 292.3.2.3 Polymer 302.3.2.4 Nanoparticle and Nanowire 312.3.3 Performance 332.3.3.1 Mechanical Behavior 332.3.3.2 Electrical Output 372.3.4 Applications 412.3.4.1 Self-Powered Printer 412.3.4.2 Wind Gauging System 422.3.4.3 Polarization of Ferroelectric Materials 432.3.4.4 Self-Powered Wearable Electronics 432.3.4.5 Others 462.4 Comparison 522.5 Conclusion 53References 533 Electromagnetic–Triboelectric Hybridized Nanogenerators 593.1 Introduction 593.2 Working Mechanisms 593.3 Hybridized Devices Structure and Working Mechanisms 613.3.1 Shared-Electrode-Based EMG–TENG 613.3.2 Rotating-Disk-Based EMG–TENG 613.3.3 Spring-Based EMG–TENG 643.3.4 Stretchable EMG–TENG 663.3.5 Others 673.4 Materials 733.4.1 Glass Fibers/Silver Nanowires 743.4.2 Composite Materials 743.4.3 Materials with Rough Structures 743.4.4 Others 753.5 Performance 763.5.1 Conjunction Manipulation 763.5.2 Output Characteristics 773.6 Applications 843.6.1 Powering Electronic Devices 853.6.2 Self-Powered Wearable Electronics 863.6.3 Others 873.7 Summary and Perspectives 90References 914 Other Hybridized Nanogenerators 974.1 Introduction 974.1.1 Nanogenerators for Harvesting Solar Energy 974.1.2 Nanogenerators for Harvesting Electrochemical Energy 1014.2 Hybridized Photoelectric and Piezoelectric Nanogenerator 1074.2.1 Typical Materials and Structure Design 1104.2.2 Principles 1104.2.3 Applications and Performances 1154.3 Hybridized Photoelectric and Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1164.3.1 Materials and Fabrication 1164.3.2 Principles and Performances 1164.3.3 Applications 1194.4 Hybridized Photoelectric and Pyroelectric Nanogenerator 1224.4.1 Materials and Structure Design 1224.4.2 Principles and Applications 1224.4.3 Performances 1264.5 Conclusions and Prospects 128References 1285 Hybridizing Nanogenerators and Sensors 1335.1 Introduction 1335.2 Materials 1335.2.1 Organic Materials 1335.2.2 Inorganic Materials 1345.3 Design of Self-Powered Sensors 1375.3.1 Pressure Sensors 1375.3.2 Strain Sensors 1405.3.3 Temperature Sensors 1425.3.4 Photodetectors 1445.3.5 Magnetic Sensors 1475.4 Performance 1485.4.1 Sensitivity 1485.4.2 Response Speed 1545.4.3 Stability 1575.5 Applications 1625.5.1 Touch and Motion Detection 1625.5.2 Strain Detection 1635.5.3 Temperature Detection 1665.5.4 Image Sensor 1665.6 Conclusion and Prospects 168References 1706 Hybridizing Nanogenerators and Energy Storage Devices 1736.1 Introduction 1736.2 Working Mechanisms 1776.2.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1776.2.1.1 PENG-Based Li-ion Batteries 1776.2.1.2 PENG-Based Supercapacitors 1786.2.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1806.2.2.1 TENG-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries 1806.2.2.2 TENG-Based Supercapacitors 1866.3 Materials 1886.3.1 Typical Piezoelectric Materials 1886.3.2 Typical Triboelectric Materials 1916.3.3 Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1946.3.4 Materials for Supercapacitors 1966.4 Devices Structure and Design 1986.4.1 Piezoelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 1986.4.2 Triboelectric Nanogenerator-Based Energy Storage Devices 2016.5 Performance 2036.5.1 The Charging/Discharging Performance of Lithium-ion Batteries and Supercapacitors Based on Piezoelectric Nanogenerators 2046.5.2 The Charging/Discharging Performance of TriboelectricNanogenerator-Based Lithium-Ion Batteries andSupercapacitors 2056.6 Applications 2096.6.1 Powering Electronic Devices 2096.6.2 Wearable/Portable Electronics 2116.6.3 Other Applications 2126.7 Conclusions and Prospects 212References 2147 Pyroelectric and Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2197.1 Introduction 2197.2 Working Mechanisms 2207.2.1 Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2207.2.2 Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2227.2.3 Comparison of Pyroelectric and Thermoelectric Nanogenerators 2227.3 Progress of Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2237.3.1 Typical Pyroelectric Materials 2237.3.2 Structure Design 2277.3.3 Performance of Pyroelectric Nanogenerators 2317.3.4 Applications for Sensing and Electrochemistry 2357.4 Progress ofThermoelectric Nanogenerators 2387.4.1 Typical Thermoelectric Materials 2387.4.2 Structure Design 2417.4.3 Thermoelectric Performance 2457.4.4 Applications in Various Fields 2477.5 Conclusions and Prospects 250References 2528 Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect Nanogenerators 2598.1 Introduction 2598.2 Basic Principle 2608.2.1 Pyroelectric Effect 2608.2.2 Photovoltaic Effect 2618.2.3 Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect 2628.2.4 Temperature Dependence of Photovoltaic–Pyroelectric Coupled Effect 2658.3 Materials 2668.3.1 ZnO Nanowires 2668.3.2 BTO Materials 2688.3.3 BFO Materials 2688.3.4 Other Materials 2698.4 Device Design 2708.4.1 Vertical Structure 2708.4.2 Planar Structure 2718.5 Performance 2728.5.1 Output Electric Signals 2728.5.2 Resistance 2738.5.3 Comparison of Vertical- and Planar-Structured Nanogenerators 2758.5.4 Temperature Dependence 2778.6 Applications 2788.6.1 Common Photodetection 2798.6.2 Image Photodetection 2818.7 Conclusions and Prospects 286References 2879 Multi-effects Coupled Nanogenerators 2939.1 Introduction 2939.2 Materials 2949.2.1 Semiconductors 2949.2.2 Inorganic Ferroelectrics 2969.2.3 Polymeric Ferroelectrics 2979.3 Device Design and Working Principle 2989.3.1 Electrode/Bulk Semiconductor/Electrode Structure 2989.3.2 Electrode/Heterojunction/Electrode Structure 3029.3.3 Electrode/Ferroelectrics/Electrode Structure 3039.3.4 Other Structures 3069.4 Performance 3109.4.1 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Thermal and Light Energies 3109.4.2 Output Performance for Scavenging Thermal and Mechanical Energies 3159.4.3 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Light and Mechanical Energies 3159.4.4 Output Characteristics for Harvesting Thermal, Light, and Mechanical Energies 3169.5 Applications 3209.5.1 Energy-Storage Device Charging 3209.5.2 Electrics Powering 3229.5.3 General Sensing 3229.5.4 Multifunctional Sensing 3239.5.5 Image Sensing 3269.6 Conclusions and Prospects 331References 33110 Coupled Nanogenerators for New Physical Effects 33710.1 Introduction 33710.2 Pyro-Phototronic Effect 33810.2.1 Introduction 33810.2.2 Possible Semiconducting Materials 33810.2.3 Applications 33910.3 Ferro-Pyro-Phototronic Effect 34110.3.1 Introduction 34110.3.2 Possible Ferroelectric Materials 34110.3.3 Applications 34210.4 Thermo-Phototronic Effect 34610.4.1 Introduction 34610.4.2 Possible Thermoelectric Materials 34610.4.3 Applications 34710.5 Conclusions and Prospects 350References 352Index 357