Perovskite Solar Cells

Shahzada Ahmad is Professor at the Basque Center for Materials Applications & Nanostructures (BCMaterials). Prior to his current position, Dr. Ahmad has worked as program director at Abengoa Research. After his PhD in the field of materials chemistry he was an Alexander von Humboldt Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany, and worked on surface and interface studies. Dr. Ahmad is a prolific author and has authored more than 100 publications in the fields of physical chemistry, nanotechnology and materials science with a research mission to develop advanced materials for energy application. Samrana Kazim is senior researcher at the Basque Center for Materials Applications & Nanostructures (BCMaterials). After her PhD, she moved to the Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Prague, Czech Republic, on a IUPAC/UNESCO fellowship. Before joining BCMaterials, she worked as senior scientist at Abengoa Research for four years. Her field of research interest includes perovskite solar cells, plasmonics, hybrid inorganic-organic nanocomposites. She has authored 40 research articles in peer-reviewed international journals, has co-authored two book chapters and is co-inventor of five patents. Michael Grätzel is Professor of Physical Chemistry at the Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland, and directs the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces. He pioneered research in the field of energy and electron transfer reactions in mesoscopic systems and their use in energy conversion systems. With an h factor of 218, Michael Grätzel is one of the three most highly cited chemists in the world. His recent awards include the RUSNANO Prize, an honorary doctorate of the Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Paris-Cachan, the Global Energy Prize, the Zewail Prize and Medal, and the Centenary Prize of the Royal Society of Chemistry (UK). He is a member of the Swiss Chemical Society and an elected member of the German Academy of Science (Leopoldina) as well as Honorary member of the Israeli Chemical Society, the Bulgarian Academy of Science and the Société Vaudoise de Sciences Naturelles.

• Foreword xv1 Chemical Processing of Mixed-Cation Hybrid Perovskites: Stabilizing Effects of Configurational Entropy 1Feray Ünlü, Eunhwan Jung, Senol Öz, Heechae Choi, Thomas Fischer, andSanjay Mathur1.1 Introduction 11.2 Crystal Structure of Perovskites 41.3 Multiple A-Site Cation Perovskites 121.3.4 Guanidinium Large-Cation Influence on Perovskite Structure for Stability 161.3.5 Triple- and Quadruple-Cation Hybrid Perovskites for Stability and Optimum Performance 171.3.6 Larger Organic Cations: Reducing Dimensionality for Improved Thermal Stability 201.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 22Acknowledgments 24References 242 Flash Infrared Annealing for Processing of Perovskite Solar Cells 33Sandy Sánchez and Anders Hagfeldt2.1 Introduction 332.2 Perovskite Crystal Nucleation and Growth from Solution 342.3 Rapid Thermal Annealing 372.4 Structural Analysis of FIRA-Annealed Perovskite Films with Variable Pulse Time 502.5 A Cost-Effective and Environmentally Friendly Method 572.6 Application for MAPI3 Perovskite Solar Cells 602.7 Planar Devices Architecture and Mixed Perovskite Composition 642.8 Pulsed FIRA for Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 672.9 Rapid Manufacturing of PSCs with an Adapted Perovskite Chemical Composition 712.10 Outlook and Technical Details 752.11 Experimental Methods 80List of Abbreviations 83Acknowledgments 84References 843 Passivation of Hybrid/Inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 91Muhammad Akmal Kamarudin and Shuzi Hayase3.1 Introduction 913.2 Conclusion 107References 1084 Tuning Interfacial Effects in Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells 113Rafael S. Sánchez, Lionel Hirsch, and Dario M. Bassani4.1 Strategies for Interfacial Deposition and Analysis 1134.2 Defect Formation in PS Films and Interfaces 1184.3 Passivation Strategies of PS 1264.4 Measuring and Tuning the Work Function and Surface Potential in PSC 1304.5 Tuning the Wettability and Compatibility Between Layers 1384.6 Effect on Device Efficiency and Lifetime 1424.7 Conclusions and Prospects 153References 1545 All-inorganic Perovskite Solar Cells 175Yaowen Li and Yongfang Li5.1 Introduction 1755.2 Basic Knowledge of All-inorganic Pero-SCs 1765.3 Lead-Based Inorganic Pero-SCs 1795.4 Tin-Based Inorganic Pero-SCs 2005.5 Other Inorganic Pero-SCs 2045.6 Conclusion 209References 2106 Tin Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 223Thomas Stergiopoulos6.1 Introduction 2236.2 Why Tin Halide Perovskites? 2236.3 Concerns About Tin-Based Perovskites 2256.4 Control of Hole Doping 2276.5 Films Deposition 2316.6 Contacts/Interface Engineering 2346.7 Ongoing Challenges 2356.8 Conclusion 241Acknowledgments 242References 2427 Low-Temperature and Facile Solution-Processed Two-Dimensional Materials as Electron Transport Layer for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells 247Shao Hui, Najib H. Ladi, Han Pan, Yan Shen, and Mingkui Wang7.1 Introduction 2477.2 Charge Transport in Perovskite Solar Cells 2497.3 Brief Development of Perovskite Solar Cells 2517.4 Functions and Requirements of Electron Transport Layer 2537.5 Features and Advantages of Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials 2567.6 Van der Waals Heterojunctions 2567.7 Quantum Confinement Effect in Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials and ItsApplication 2587.8 Other Physical Properties of Two-Dimensional Electron Transport Materials 2597.9 Synthesis of Various Two-Dimensional Materials 2607.10 Application of Two-Dimensional Material as an Electron Transport Layer in Perovskite Solar Cells 2627.11 Conclusion and Outlook 266List of Abbreviations 267References 2688 Metal Oxides in Stable and Flexible Halide Perovskite Solar Cells: Toward Self-Powered Internet of Things 273Carlos Pereyra, Haibing Xie, Amir N. Shandy, Vanessa Martínez, HenckPierre, Elia Santigosa, Daniel A. Acuña-Leal, Laia Capdevila, Quentin Billon,Löis Mergny, María Ramos-Payán, Mónica Gomez, Bindu Krishnan, MariaMuñoz, David M. Tanenbaum, Anders Hagfeldt, and Monica Lira-Cantu8.1 Introduction 2738.2 Metal Oxides in Normal (n–i–p), Inverted (p–i–n) and “Oxide-Sandwich” Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 2758.3 Mesoporous Metal Oxide Bilayers in Highly Stable Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Cells 2778.4 Solution-Processable Metal Oxides for Flexible Halide Perovskite Solar Cells 2888.5 Characterization of PSC by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 2948.6 Conclusions 299Acknowledgments 299References 3009 Electron Transport Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells 311Fatemeh Jafari, Mehrad Ahmadpour, Um Kanta Aryal, Mariam Ahmad,Michela Prete, Naeimeh Torabi, Vida Turkovic, Horst-Günter Rubahn, AbbasBehjat, and Morten Madsen9.1 Introduction 3119.2 Requirements of Ideal Electron Transport Layers (ETL) 3129.3 Overview of Electron Transport Materials 3149.4 The Architectures of Perovskite Solar Cells 321Acknowledgments 324References 32410 Dopant-Free Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells 331Meenakshi Pegu, Shahzada Ahmad, and Samrana Kazim10.1 Introduction 33110.2 Hole-Transporting Material for Perovskite Solar Cells 33410.3 Dopant-Free Organic HTMs for Perovskite Solar Cells 34010.4 Conclusion and Outlook 356Acknowledgments 356List of Abbreviations 356References 35911 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on the Structural and Photophysical Properties of Halide Perovskite 369 Mojtaba Abdi-Jalebi and M. Ibrahim Dar11.1 Introduction 36911.2 Metal Halides 36911.3 Monovalent Metal Halides 37011.4 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on the Morphological, Structural and Optoelectronic Properties of Perovskites 37211.5 Impact of Monovalent Metal Halides on Photovoltaic Device Characterizations 378References 38412 Charge Carrier Dynamics in Perovskite Solar Cells 389Mohd T. Khan, Abdullah Almohammedi, Samrana Kazim, and Shahzada Ahmad12.1 Introduction 38912.2 Space Charge-Limited Conduction 39012.3 Immitance Spectroscopy 39512.4 Transient Spectroscopy 41312.5 Conclusion 423Acknowledgments 424References 42413 Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 431Daiyu Li, Yaoguang Rong, Yue Hu, Anyi Mei, and Hongwei Han13.1 Introduction 43113.2 Device Structures and Working Principles 43213.3 Progress of Efficiency and Stability 43313.4 Scaling-up of Printable Mesoscopic Perovskite Solar Cells 43813.5 Conclusions 449References 44914 Upscaling of Perovskite Photovoltaics 453Dongju Jang, Fu Yang, Lirong Dong, Christoph J. Brabec, and Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf14.1 Introduction 45314.2 Techniques for Upscaling 45714.3 State-of-the-art of Large-Area High-Quality Perovskite Devices 46714.4 Strategies of Upscaling of Perovskite Devices 47114.5 Module Layout 48114.6 Lifetime Aspects 48414.7 Summary and Outlook 486References 48915 Scalable Architectures and Fabrication Processes of Perovskite Solar Cell Technology 497Ghufran S. Hashmi15.1 Background 49715.2 Scalable Device Designs of Perovskite Solar Cells 50115.3 Critical Overview on Scalable Materials Deposition Methods 50915.4 Nutshell of Long-Term Device Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells and Modules 51315.5 Conclusive Summary and Futuristic Outlook 514References 51516 Multi-Junction Perovskite Solar Cells 521Suhas Mahesh and Bernard Wenger16.1 Introduction 52116.2 Perovskite-Silicon Tandems 52916.3 Perovskite–Perovskite Tandems 53616.4 Characterizing Tandems 53816.5 Commercialization 53916.6 Outlook 542References 543Index 549