Sustainable Resource Management

Wenshan Guo, PhD, is Professor and a core member in the Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater at the University of Technology Sydney.Huu Hao Ngo, PhD, is Professor of Environmental Engineering and serving as Deputy Director of the Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater at the University of Technology Sydney.Rao Y. Surampalli, PhD, is President and Chief Executive Officer of the Global Institute for Energy, Environment, and Sustainability.Tian C. Zhang, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln in the United States.

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• Volume 1Preface xix1 Resource Recovery and Reuse for Sustainable Future Introduction and Overview 1Wenshan Guo, Huu Hao Ngo, Lijuan Deng, Rao Y. Surampalli, and Tian C. Zhang1.1 Introduction 11.2 Background 21.2.1 Hierarchy of Resource Use 21.2.2 Analyzing the Needs for Resource and Energy Recovery and Reuse 21.2.2.1 Population Growth 21.2.2.2 Resource Scarcity 41.2.2.3 Environmental Impacts 41.2.2.4 Economical Aspect 41.3 Current Status of Resource Recovery and Reuse 51.3.1 Wastewater 51.3.1.1 Nutrient Recovery 61.3.1.2 Organic Carbon Recovery 61.3.1.3 Heat Recovery 71.3.2 Waste 71.4 Research Needs 91.4.1 Development of Novel Technologies 91.4.2 Social and Economic Feasibility of Resource Recovery and Reuse 91.4.3 Development of Internationally Coordinated Framework and Strategy 101.5 Book Overview 10References 172 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste: A Potential Resource Recovery Strategy 21Ranaprathap Katakojwala, Hari Shankar Kopperi, Althuri Avanthi, and S. Venkata Mohan2.1 Introduction 212.1.1 Global Food Waste Production 222.1.2 Conventional Food Waste Management Practices 232.1.2.1 Land Filling 232.1.2.2 Fertilizer/Animal Feed 232.1.2.3 Incineration 232.1.2.4 Composting 242.1.3 Advanced Food Waste Management Methods 242.1.3.1 Acidogenesis 242.1.3.2 Solventogenesis 242.1.3.3 Biodiesel 252.1.3.4 Bioplastics 262.2 Significance of Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Food Waste 262.2.1 HTL Reactor Operation 272.2.2 Isothermal HTL and Fast HTL 302.2.3 HTL Products 302.2.4 Greenhouse Gas Emissions 312.3 Factors Influencing HTL During FW Treatment 322.3.1 Temperature 342.3.2 Reaction Time 352.3.3 Solid-to-Solvent Ratio 352.3.4 Composition of Food Waste 362.3.5 Catalyst Concentration 362.4 HTL of Food Waste: Case Studies 372.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 39Acknowledgement 40References 403 Coping with Change: (Re) Evolution of Waste Management in Local Authorities in England 47Pauline Deutz and Anne Kildunne3.1 Introduction 473.2 Sustainability Transitions Literature 483.3 Waste Management in England 513.4 Research Design and Methods 523.4.1 Research Design 533.4.2 Methods 533.4.3 Selection of Interviewees 543.4.4 Secondary Data 583.5 Results and Discussion 583.5.1 English Waste in the Context of the EU 583.5.2 Influences in the UK Context for LAs 643.5.3 Implementation of the 2000 Waste Strategy 663.5.3.1 LA Implementation of Waste Policy 673.5.3.2 Targets 703.5.3.3 Financial Instruments 703.5.3.4 Regional Governance 723.5.4 Local Authorities and the Public 723.5.5 Legacy of the Strategy 743.6 Conclusions 75Acknowledgements 77References 774 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass for Bioenergy Production 83Huihui Chen, Gang Luo, and Shicheng Zhang4.1 Introduction 834.2 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass and their Degradation in HTL Processes 854.2.1 Composition of Lignocellulosic Biomass 854.2.2 Brief Review on the Development of HTL Technology 854.2.3 Main Components Degradation of the Lignocellulosic Biomass During HTL 874.2.3.1 Cellulose and its Degradation in HTL Processes 874.2.3.2 Hemicellulose and its Degradation in HTC Process 884.2.3.3 Lignin and its Degradation in HTC Processes 884.3 Research Status in HTL of Lignocellulosic Biomass 904.3.1 Products Description 904.3.1.1 Bio-oil 904.3.1.2 Solid Residue 904.3.1.3 Other By-products 914.3.2 Operating Parameters for Bio-oil Production by HTL 914.3.2.1 Bio-oil 924.3.2.2 Temperature 934.3.2.3 Heating Rate 934.3.2.4 Residence Time 944.3.2.5 Pressure 944.3.2.6 Catalysts 954.3.2.7 Liquid-to-Solid Ratio 964.4 Limitations and Prospects for Bioenergy Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass by HTL 974.4.1 Poor Quality of Crude Bio-oil 974.4.2 Aqueous By-products Utilization 974.4.3 Prospects 984.5 Conclusion and Future Work 98References 995 Resource Recovery-Oriented Sanitation and Sustainable Human Excreta Management 109Sudheer Salana, Tuhin Banerji, Aman Kumar, Ekta Singh, and Sunil Kumar5.1 Introduction 1095.2 Present Scenario 1115.2.1 Ecological Sanitation 1125.2.1.1 Rottebehaelter and Centrifugal Separation Sanitation 1135.2.1.2 Biofilters, Vermicomposting Units, Bag Toilets 1145.2.2 Failure, Success, and Lessons 1155.3 Resource Recovery Options in Rural Areas 1165.3.1 Nutrient Recovery from Urine 1175.3.2 Anaerobic Digestion or Composting? 1195.3.3 Community-Scale or Household Models? 1215.4 Resource Recovery Sanitation in Urban Context 1215.4.1 Energy Matters 1215.4.2 Johkasou Systems 1235.4.3 Possibilities of Industrial-Scale Units 1245.5 Life Cycle Assessment of Sanitation Systems 1255.6 Human Excreta and Sustainable Future 1275.6.1 Economics of Resource Recovery Sanitation 1275.6.2 Sanitation Access and Resource Recovery 1285.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 130References 1316 Resource Recovery and Recycling from Livestock Manure: Current Statue, Challenges, and Future Prospects for Sustainable Management 137Tao Liu, Hongyu Chen, Junchao Zhao, Parimala Gnana Soundari, Xiuna Ren, Sanjeev Kumar Awasthi, Yumin Duan, Mukesh Kumar Awasthi, and Zengqiang Zhang6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Present Scenario and Global Perspective of Manure Generation and Recycling 1396.2.1 Sanitization and Hygiene in Manure Management 1396.2.1.1 Aerobic Composting 1396.2.2 Importance and Significance of Resource Recovery 1416.2.2.1 Nitrogen and Phosphorus Recovery from Livestock Manure 1416.2.2.2 Heavy Metal Recovery from Livestock Manure 1426.3 Resource Recovery Technologies and Logistics for Handling, Transport, and Distribution of Manures 1426.3.1 Nutrient Recovery from Manure 1426.3.2 Bioenergy Production by Anaerobic Digestion/Co-digestion 1476.3.3 Composting/Co-composting 1476.3.4 Centralized and De-centralized Models? 1486.4 Energy Matters and Economic Feasibility 1496.4.1 Energy Production 1496.4.2 Mineral Reutilization 1506.4.2.1 Ammonia Stripping 1506.4.2.2 Struvite Crystallization 1506.4.2.3 Mineral Concentrates 1506.5 Resource Recovery Sanitation in Developed and Developing Countries 1516.5.1 Operational Guidelines for Septage Treatment and Disposal 1536.5.1.1 Storage 1546.5.1.2 Pasteurization 1546.5.1.3 Chemical Treatments 1546.5.1.4 Anaerobic Treatments 1546.5.1.5 Composting 1556.5.2 Testing the Possibilities of Commercial-Scale Resource Recovery 1556.6 Life Cycle Assessment of Sustainable Manure Management Systems 1566.7 Innovation in Sustainable Manure Management Systems and Recycling 1576.7.1 Economics of Resource Recovery from Manure and Sanitation 1576.7.2 Business Models for a Circular Economy 1586.7.3 Enabling Environment Sanitation and Financing for Resource Recovery 1596.8 Challenges and Limitation 1606.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects 160Acknowledgements 161References 1617 Utilization of Microalgae and Thraustochytrids for the Production of Biofuel and Nutraceutical Products 167Ying Liu and Jay J. Cheng7.1 Introduction 1677.1.1 Microalgae 1677.1.2 Thraustochytrids 1677.1.3 Biodiesel and Biobased Jet Fuel 1687.1.4 Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) 1687.2 Microalgae for Biodiesel and Jet Fuel Production 1697.2.1 Selection of Microalgae 1697.2.2 Processes of Microalgae to Biofuel 1707.2.2.1 Microalgae Cultivation 1707.2.2.2 Microalgae Harvesting 1727.2.2.3 Extraction of Oil from Microalgae 1747.2.2.4 Biodiesel Production from Microalgal Oil 1757.2.2.5 Jet Fuel Production from Microalgal Oil 1767.3 Thraustochytrids for Biodiesel Production 1777.4 Challenges of Microalgae and Thraustochytrids to Biofuel 1787.5 Microalgae and Thraustochytrids for DHA and EPA Productions 1797.6 Future Perspectives 1837.6.1 Integrated Microalgae/Thraustochytrids Cultivation and Harvesting System 1837.6.2 Genetically Modified Microalgae/Thraustochytrids for High Oil and Easy Extraction of Lipids 1847.6.3 Integrated Microalgae/Thraustochytrids System for Biofuel and DHA/EPA Production 186References 1868 Pertinent Issues of Algal Energy and Bio-Product Development A Biorefinery Perspective 199Goldy De Bhowmick and Ajit K. Sarmah8.1 Introduction 1998.2 Current Status of Algal Energy and Bio-product Formation 2008.3 Analysis of Conversion Methods 2028.3.1 Dynamics of Algal Biomass Composition 2028.3.2 Conversion Routes 2038.3.3 Product Yield and Market Value 2048.4 Competent Applications of Algae 2058.5 Biorefinery and Integrated Approaches 2078.6 Technological Issues: Pros and Cons 2088.7 Life Cycle Assessment 2108.8 Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) 2118.9 Futuristic Options 212References 2139 Resource Utilization of Sludge and Its Potential Environmental Applications for Wastewater 217Dong Wei, Bin Du, and Qin Wei9.1 Introduction 2179.2 Types of Sludge in Wastewater Treatment Process 2189.2.1 Activated Sludge 2189.2.2 Granular Sludge 2199.2.2.1 Anaerobic Granular Sludge 2199.2.2.2 Aerobic Granular Sludge 2209.3 Sludge-Based Activated Carbon for Wastewater Treatment 2229.3.1 Production Method 2229.3.1.1 ZnCl2 2239.3.1.2 H3PO4 2239.3.2 Treatment of Dye Wastewater 2249.3.2.1 MG Sorption onto Sludge-Based ACs 2249.3.2.2 Mineral Acid Modification of AGS-Derived AC for MG Sorption 2259.3.3 Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contained Wastewater 2269.3.3.1 Heavy Metal Sorption onto Sludge-Based AC 2269.3.3.2 Cu(II) Sorption onto AGS-AC in the Presence of HA and FA 2279.4 Granular Sludge Biosorbent Applied for Wastewater Treatment 2299.4.1 Treatment of Dye Wastewater 2299.4.1.1 Role of EPS in Aerobic Granular Sludge for MB Sorption 2299.4.1.2 Biosorption of Dye Wastewater and Photocatalytic Regeneration of AGS 2309.4.2 Treatment of Heavy Metal-Contained Wastewater 2329.4.2.1 Zn(II) Sorption onto AGS 2329.4.2.2 Cu(II) Sorption onto AGS 2329.4.2.3 Ni(II) Sorption onto AGS/AnGS 2339.4.2.4 Magnetic Modification of AnGS for Pb(II) and Cu(II) Removal 2349.4.3 Treatment of Multicomponent Contaminants 2359.5 Applications of EPS Extracted from Sludge for Wastewater Treatment 2369.5.1 Bioflocculant 2369.5.2 Biosorbent for the Removal of Various Pollutants 2379.6 Conclusion 238References 23810 Thermal-Chemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge Toward Enhanced Energy and Resource Recovery 247Mian Hu, Dabin Guo, Yingqun Ma, and Yu Liu10.1 Introduction 24710.2 Sewage Sludge and Its Impact on Environmental Sustainability 24810.3 Characterization of Sewage Sludge 25010.4 Thermal-Chemical Treatment of Sewage Sludge 25010.4.1 Incineration 25010.4.1.1 Typical Incineration Processes 25010.4.1.2 Performance–Cost–Benefit Analysis of Incineration Technology 2510.4.2 Pyrolysis 25310.4.2.1 Typical Pyrolysis Processes 25310.4.2.2 Performance–Cost–Benefit Analysis of Pyrolysis Technology 25510.4.3 Gasification 25510.4.3.1 Typical Gasification Processes 25510.4.3.2 Performance–Cost–Benefit Analysis of Gasification Technology 25710.4.4 Liquefaction 25710.4.4.1 Typical Liquefaction Processes 25710.4.4.2 Performance–Cost–Benefit Analysis of Liquefaction Technology 25810.5 Recovery of Energy and Resource from Sewage Sludge 25810.5.1 Combustible Gas 25810.5.2 Bio-oils 25910.5.3 Biochar 26010.5.4 Ashes to Value-Added Materials 26110.5.5 Nutrient Recovery 26110.5.6 Heavy Metals Removal and Recovery 26310.6 Technology Limitations and Challenges 26410.6.1 Deactivation of Catalyst 26410.6.2 Tar Formation 26410.6.3 NOx and SOx Emission 26510.6.4 High Moisture Content 26510.7 Conclusions and Perspectives 266References 26711 Improving Bioenergy Recovery from Anaerobic Digestion of Sewage Sludge 275Qilin Wang, Jing Wei, Huan Liu, Dongbo Wang, Long D. Nghiem, and Zhiyao Wang11.1 Introduction 27511.2 Characteristics of Sewage Sludge 27611.2.1 Primary Sludge 27611.2.2 Waste Activated Sludge 27611.3 Anaerobic Digestion for Bioenergy Recovery 27911.3.1 Theory of Anaerobic Digestion 27911.3.2 Bioenergy Recovery by Anaerobic Digestion 27911.4 Technologies for Enhancing Methane Production from Sludge 28011.4.1 Physical Pretreatment 28011.4.1.1 Thermal Hydrolysis Pretreatment 28011.4.1.2 Mechanical Pretreatment 28111.4.1.3 Ultrasonic Pretreatment 28211.4.1.4 Microwave Pretreatment 28211.4.1.5 Focused Pulsed Pretreatment 28211.4.2 Chemical Pretreatment or Dosage 28311.4.2.1 Ozonation Pretreatment 28311.4.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment 28311.4.2.3 Free Nitrous Acid Pretreatment 28311.4.2.4 Free Ammonia Pretreatment 28311.4.3 Biological Pretreatment 28411.5 Technologies for Enhancing Hydrogen Production from Sludge 28411.5.1 Physical Pretreatment 28411.5.1.1 Thermal Pretreatment 28411.5.1.2 Freezing/Thawing Pretreatment 28811.5.1.3 Sterilization Pretreatment 28811.5.1.4 Microwave Pretreatment 28811.5.1.5 Ultrasonic Pretreatment 28811.5.1.6 Gamma Irradiation Pretreatment 28811.5.2 Chemical Pretreatment 28911.5.2.1 Acid Pretreatment 28911.5.2.2 Alkaline Pretreatment 28911.5.2.3 Free Ammonia and Free Nitrous Acid Pretreatment 28911.5.2.4 Ozone Pretreatment 28911.5.2.5 Wet Oxidation Pretreatment 28911.5.2.6 Calcium Peroxide Pretreatment 29011.5.2.7 Triclocarban Pretreatment 29011.5.3 Biological Pretreatment 29011.6 Evaluation and Comparison of Technologies 29011.7 Summary and Future Outlook 294References 29412 Recovery of Phosphorus from Wastewater and Sludge 305Ruo-hong Li, Lin Lin, and Xiao-yan Li12.1 Introduction 30512.1.1 P Recovery Technologies 30612.1.1.1 Wet-Chemical Approach 30612.1.1.2 Thermal Treatment 30712.1.1.3 Chemical Precipitation 30712.1.2 P Recovery Based on CEPS 30712.1.3 P Recovery Based on Chemically Enhanced Membrane Bioreactors 30812.2 Chemical Coagulation and Flocculation for Enhanced P Removal from Wastewater 30912.2.1 Experimental Methods 30912.2.2 Results and Discussion 31012.3 Acidogenic Fermentation for P Release and Recovery from Sludge 31212.3.1 Experimental Methods 31212.3.2 Results and Discussion 31212.3.2.1 Influence of Fe Dosage on Acidogenic Sludge Fermentation 31212.3.2.2 Influence of Al Dosage on Acidogenic Sludge Fermentation 31512.3.2.3 Recovery of Organic Carbon and P from the Semicontinuous Fermentation of CEPS Sludge 31612.3.3 Summary 31712.4 A Membrane Bioreactor with Fe Dosing and Sludge Fermentation for Enhanced P Removal and Recovery 31712.4.1 Experimental Work 31712.4.2 Results and Discussion 31912.4.2.1 P Removal from Wastewater by Chemical Flocculation and MBR 31912.4.2.2 Sludge Fermentation and P Recovery 32112.4.2.3 Comparison of Acidification and Acidogenesis 32512.4.3 Summary 32612.5 Mechanisms of P Removal and Recovery from Wastewater Using an Fe-dosing Bioreactor and Cofermentation 32612.5.1 Experimental Work 32612.5.2 P Speciation in the Aerobic MBR and Anaerobic Fermenters 32712.5.3 Fe Speciation in the Aerobic MBR and Anaerobic Fermenters 32912.5.4 P Extraction and Release from Sludge During Acidogenic Fermentation 33012.5.4.1 Acidogenic Fermentation 33012.5.4.2 Microbial Iron Reduction 33112.5.4.3 Solubility of the Fe—P Complex 33112.6 Conclusions 333References 33313 Magnetic Iron-Based Oxide Materials for Selective Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus 339Irene Man Chi Lo, Baile Wu, and Jun Wan13.1 Introduction 33913.1.1 Phosphorus Sources, Speciation, and Properties in Water 33913.1.2 Phosphorus Pollution and Eutrophication 34013.1.3 Phosphorus Removal and Recovery Technologies 34013.1.4 Selective Removal and Recovery of Phosphorus from Water by Using Adsorption 34113.1.4.1 Phosphate Adsorption Processes and Mechanisms 34113.1.4.2 Current Adsorbents for Phosphate Removal 34113.1.4.3 Selective Removal and Recovery of Phosphate from Water by Magnetic Iron Based-Oxide Materials 34213.2 Development and Material Synthesis 34313.2.1 Synthesis of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34313.2.1.1 Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Solvothermal Method 34313.2.1.2 Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Coprecipitation Method 34313.2.2 Synthesis of SiO2@Fe3O4, ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34313.2.2.1 Synthesis of SiO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34313.2.2.2 Synthesis of ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34413.2.2.3 Synthesis of ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34413.2.3 Synthesis of La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 34413.2.4 Synthesis of Fe0/Fe3O4 Composites 34413.3 Material Characteristics 34513.3.1 Characterization Methods for Magnetic Iron-Based Oxide Materials 34513.3.2 Characteristics of Fe3O4, SiO2@Fe3O4, ZrO2@ SiO2@Fe3O4, and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 34513.3.3 Characteristics of Fe3O4 and La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 34813.3.4 Characteristics of Fe0/Fe3O4 Composites 35013.4 Batch Adsorption Kinetics, Isotherms, and Affecting Factors 35113.4.1 Phosphorus Removal by ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 35113.4.1.1 Phosphate Adsorption Kinetics of ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 35113.4.1.2 Phosphate Adsorption Isotherms of ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 35113.4.1.3 Effects of pH and Zeta Potential Analysis 35213.4.2 Phosphorus Removal by La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 35313.4.2.1 Phosphate Adsorption Kinetics of La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 35313.4.2.2 Phosphate Adsorption Isotherms of La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 35313.4.2.3 Effect of pH, Ionic Strength, and Zeta Potential Analysis 35313.4.3 Phosphorus Removal by Fe0/Fe3O4/Fe2+ System 35513.5 Selective Removal and Recovery 35713.5.1 Selective Phosphorus Removal and Recovery by ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles andTheir Reusability 35713.5.1.1 Selective Phosphate Adsorption of ZrO2@SiO2@Fe3O4 and ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 35713.5.1.2 Phosphate Recovery and Reusability of ZrO2@Fe3O4 Nanoparticles 35713.5.2 Selective Phosphorus Removal and Recovery by La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 35813.5.2.1 Selective Phosphate Adsorption of La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 35813.5.2.2 Phosphate Recovery and Reusability of La(OH)3/Fe3O4 Nanocomposites 36013.5.3 Selective Phosphorus Removal and Recovery by Fe0/Fe3O4/Fe2+ System 36013.5.3.1 Selective Phosphate Removal of Fe0/Fe3O4/Fe2+ System 36013.5.3.2 Phosphate Recovery and Reusability of Fe0/Fe3O4 Composite 36113.6 Comparison with Other Adsorbents 36213.6.1 Phosphorus Removal Capacity 36213.6.2 Phosphorus Removal Kinetics 36313.6.3 Adsorbents Reusability and Phosphorus Recovery 36413.7 Potential Environmental Applications and Perspectives 365References 366Volume 2Preface xvii14 Forward Osmosis for Nutrients Recovery from Wastewater 37315 Removal and Recovery of Nutrients Using Low-Cost Adsorbents from Single-Component and Multicomponent Adsorption Systems 39716 Use and Development of Biochar-Based Materials for Effective Capture and Reuse of Phosphorus 43717 Recovery of Gold and Other Precious Metals by Biosorption 46318 Bioelectrochemical System in Wastewater Treatment: Resource Recovery from Municipal and Industrial Wastewaters 48919 Trends in Using Electron Beam for Treating Textile and Dyeing Wastewater 52520 Approaches Toward Resource Recovery from Breeding Wastewater 55921 Resources Recovery and Reuse from Liquid and Solid Wastes Generated from Electrolytic Manganese Production 60122 Recovery of Thermal Energy from Wastewater by Heat Pump Technology 63523 Hydrocyclone-Separation Technologies for Resource Recovery and Reuse 66324 Methane Recovery from Landfills 69925 Resource Recovery from Electronic Waste 723Index 755