Yunlong Zi, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Hengyu Guo, Chongqing University. Jie Wang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Chi Zhang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Xiangyu Chen, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Qing Zhao is a postgraduate student at Chongqing University.

• Preface xiIntroduction of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1I.1 What is a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)? 1I.2 First-Principle Theoretical Model 1I.3 Equivalent Circuit Models and Basic Operation Modes 2I.4 Energy Conversion and Electromechanical Coupling Models 19I.5 Summary 21References 211 Models of Triboelectric Effect 251.1 Introduction 251.2 Thermionic Emission Method 261.3 Material-Dependent Charge Transfer Mechanism and Model 291.4 Liquid–Solid Contact Electrification Mechanism 321.5 Environmental and Material Effects on Charge Transfer 341.6 Potential Applications 371.7 Summary 38References 382 Discharge Effects in TENG 452.1 Introduction 452.2 Theoretical Studies of Breakdown Discharge in Contact-Separation-Based TENGs 492.3 Experimental Verification and Quantitative Measurements 492.4 Photon Generation 562.5 Potential Applications 582.6 Summary 58References 593 Figure-of-Merit of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Effective Maximized Energy Output 623.3 Figure-of-Merit 673.4 Output Energy Density 703.5 Environmental and Techno-Economic Analysis 723.6 Potential Applications 743.7 Summary 74References 744 Output Promotion by Environment 794.1 High Vacuum Environment 794.2 High Atmospheric Pressure and High-Breakdown-Limit Gas Environments 804.3 Interfacial Liquid Lubrication 834.4 Humidity 864.5 Summary 89References 895 DC-TENG: A New Paradigm 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Basic Principle 945.3 Physical Model 955.4 Optimization Methods for DC-TENG 965.5 DC-TENG for Energy Harvesting 1035.6 DC-TENG for Self-Powered Sensing 1055.7 Hybrid of AC-TENG and DC-TENG 1065.8 Summary 109References 1106 Promotion of Contact Electrification at Liquid–Solid Interface 1136.1 Introduction 113References 1207 Output Promotion of Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Electromechanical Structures 1257.1 Introduction 1257.2 Charge Excitation Mechanism 1287.3 Other Promotion Strategies 1357.4 Summary 140References 1418 Power Management and Effective Energy Storage 1458.1 Introduction 1458.2 Theoretical Basis of Energy Management for TENG 1478.3 Mechanical Switched Converter 1508.4 Electronic Switch Converter 1598.5 Transformer Converter 1658.6 Conclusion and Perspective 167References 1709 Tribotronics 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Tribo-Potential 1769.3 Triboelectricity Modulate Field Effect 1779.4 Tribotronic Transistor 1819.5 Tribotronic Functional Devices 1869.6 Conclusion 196References 19810 Tribophotonics 20310.1 Introduction 20310.2 Tribophotonics: Concept, Origin, Characteristics, and Potential Applications 20510.3 Tribo-Induced EM-Wave Generation (TIEG) 20710.4 Tribo-Induced Light Propagation Tuning (TILPT) 21510.5 Triboelectrification-Induced Electroluminescence (TIEL) 22010.6 Tribo-Assisted Spectrometry (TAS) 22510.7 Potential Applications and Perspectives 22710.8 Challenges and Summary 228References 22911 TENG-Based Wearable Biomechanical Sensors and Human–Machine Interface 23711.1 Introduction 23711.2 TENG-Based Biomedical Sensing 23811.3 TENG-Based Human–Machine Interface 24511.4 Summary 254References 25412 TENG as the High-Voltage Source 25912.1 Introduction 25912.2 Overview of Materials and Universal Methods for TENG’s Performance Enhancement 26112.3 Artificial Muscle Based on Dielectric Elastomer and TENG 26812.4 Microactuators Based on Piezoelectric Ceramics and TENG 27212.5 Materials Polarized by the High Voltage Output From TENG 27312.6 Electrostatic Manipulator Driven by TENG 27812.7 Electrostatic Adsorption and Air Cleaning Based on TENG 28212.8 Electronic Excitation and Ion Generation Powered by TENG 28712.9 Summary and Perspectives 294References 296Index 299

Yunlong Zi, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Hengyu Guo, Chongqing University. Jie Wang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Chi Zhang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Xiangyu Chen, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Qing Zhao is a postgraduate student at Chongqing University.

• Preface xiIntroduction of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1I.1 What is a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)? 1I.2 First-Principle Theoretical Model 1I.3 Equivalent Circuit Models and Basic Operation Modes 2I.4 Energy Conversion and Electromechanical Coupling Models 19I.5 Summary 21References 211 Models of Triboelectric Effect 251.1 Introduction 251.2 Thermionic Emission Method 261.3 Material-Dependent Charge Transfer Mechanism and Model 291.4 Liquid–Solid Contact Electrification Mechanism 321.5 Environmental and Material Effects on Charge Transfer 341.6 Potential Applications 371.7 Summary 38References 382 Discharge Effects in TENG 452.1 Introduction 452.2 Theoretical Studies of Breakdown Discharge in Contact-Separation-Based TENGs 492.3 Experimental Verification and Quantitative Measurements 492.4 Photon Generation 562.5 Potential Applications 582.6 Summary 58References 593 Figure-of-Merit of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Effective Maximized Energy Output 623.3 Figure-of-Merit 673.4 Output Energy Density 703.5 Environmental and Techno-Economic Analysis 723.6 Potential Applications 743.7 Summary 74References 744 Output Promotion by Environment 794.1 High Vacuum Environment 794.2 High Atmospheric Pressure and High-Breakdown-Limit Gas Environments 804.3 Interfacial Liquid Lubrication 834.4 Humidity 864.5 Summary 89References 895 DC-TENG: A New Paradigm 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Basic Principle 945.3 Physical Model 955.4 Optimization Methods for DC-TENG 965.5 DC-TENG for Energy Harvesting 1035.6 DC-TENG for Self-Powered Sensing 1055.7 Hybrid of AC-TENG and DC-TENG 1065.8 Summary 109References 1106 Promotion of Contact Electrification at Liquid–Solid Interface 1136.1 Introduction 113References 1207 Output Promotion of Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Electromechanical Structures 1257.1 Introduction 1257.2 Charge Excitation Mechanism 1287.3 Other Promotion Strategies 1357.4 Summary 140References 1418 Power Management and Effective Energy Storage 1458.1 Introduction 1458.2 Theoretical Basis of Energy Management for TENG 1478.3 Mechanical Switched Converter 1508.4 Electronic Switch Converter 1598.5 Transformer Converter 1658.6 Conclusion and Perspective 167References 1709 Tribotronics 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Tribo-Potential 1769.3 Triboelectricity Modulate Field Effect 1779.4 Tribotronic Transistor 1819.5 Tribotronic Functional Devices 1869.6 Conclusion 196References 19810 Tribophotonics 20310.1 Introduction 20310.2 Tribophotonics: Concept, Origin, Characteristics, and Potential Applications 20510.3 Tribo-Induced EM-Wave Generation (TIEG) 20710.4 Tribo-Induced Light Propagation Tuning (TILPT) 21510.5 Triboelectrification-Induced Electroluminescence (TIEL) 22010.6 Tribo-Assisted Spectrometry (TAS) 22510.7 Potential Applications and Perspectives 22710.8 Challenges and Summary 228References 22911 TENG-Based Wearable Biomechanical Sensors and Human–Machine Interface 23711.1 Introduction 23711.2 TENG-Based Biomedical Sensing 23811.3 TENG-Based Human–Machine Interface 24511.4 Summary 254References 25412 TENG as the High-Voltage Source 25912.1 Introduction 25912.2 Overview of Materials and Universal Methods for TENG’s Performance Enhancement 26112.3 Artificial Muscle Based on Dielectric Elastomer and TENG 26812.4 Microactuators Based on Piezoelectric Ceramics and TENG 27212.5 Materials Polarized by the High Voltage Output From TENG 27312.6 Electrostatic Manipulator Driven by TENG 27812.7 Electrostatic Adsorption and Air Cleaning Based on TENG 28212.8 Electronic Excitation and Ion Generation Powered by TENG 28712.9 Summary and Perspectives 294References 296Index 299

Yunlong Zi, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. Hengyu Guo, Chongqing University. Jie Wang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Chi Zhang, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Xiangyu Chen, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems (BINN), CAS. Qing Zhao is a postgraduate student at Chongqing University.

• Preface xiIntroduction of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 1I.1 What is a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG)? 1I.2 First-Principle Theoretical Model 1I.3 Equivalent Circuit Models and Basic Operation Modes 2I.4 Energy Conversion and Electromechanical Coupling Models 19I.5 Summary 21References 211 Models of Triboelectric Effect 251.1 Introduction 251.2 Thermionic Emission Method 261.3 Material-Dependent Charge Transfer Mechanism and Model 291.4 Liquid–Solid Contact Electrification Mechanism 321.5 Environmental and Material Effects on Charge Transfer 341.6 Potential Applications 371.7 Summary 38References 382 Discharge Effects in TENG 452.1 Introduction 452.2 Theoretical Studies of Breakdown Discharge in Contact-Separation-Based TENGs 492.3 Experimental Verification and Quantitative Measurements 492.4 Photon Generation 562.5 Potential Applications 582.6 Summary 58References 593 Figure-of-Merit of Triboelectric Nanogenerator 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Effective Maximized Energy Output 623.3 Figure-of-Merit 673.4 Output Energy Density 703.5 Environmental and Techno-Economic Analysis 723.6 Potential Applications 743.7 Summary 74References 744 Output Promotion by Environment 794.1 High Vacuum Environment 794.2 High Atmospheric Pressure and High-Breakdown-Limit Gas Environments 804.3 Interfacial Liquid Lubrication 834.4 Humidity 864.5 Summary 89References 895 DC-TENG: A New Paradigm 935.1 Introduction 935.2 Basic Principle 945.3 Physical Model 955.4 Optimization Methods for DC-TENG 965.5 DC-TENG for Energy Harvesting 1035.6 DC-TENG for Self-Powered Sensing 1055.7 Hybrid of AC-TENG and DC-TENG 1065.8 Summary 109References 1106 Promotion of Contact Electrification at Liquid–Solid Interface 1136.1 Introduction 113References 1207 Output Promotion of Triboelectric Nanogenerator by Electromechanical Structures 1257.1 Introduction 1257.2 Charge Excitation Mechanism 1287.3 Other Promotion Strategies 1357.4 Summary 140References 1418 Power Management and Effective Energy Storage 1458.1 Introduction 1458.2 Theoretical Basis of Energy Management for TENG 1478.3 Mechanical Switched Converter 1508.4 Electronic Switch Converter 1598.5 Transformer Converter 1658.6 Conclusion and Perspective 167References 1709 Tribotronics 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Tribo-Potential 1769.3 Triboelectricity Modulate Field Effect 1779.4 Tribotronic Transistor 1819.5 Tribotronic Functional Devices 1869.6 Conclusion 196References 19810 Tribophotonics 20310.1 Introduction 20310.2 Tribophotonics: Concept, Origin, Characteristics, and Potential Applications 20510.3 Tribo-Induced EM-Wave Generation (TIEG) 20710.4 Tribo-Induced Light Propagation Tuning (TILPT) 21510.5 Triboelectrification-Induced Electroluminescence (TIEL) 22010.6 Tribo-Assisted Spectrometry (TAS) 22510.7 Potential Applications and Perspectives 22710.8 Challenges and Summary 228References 22911 TENG-Based Wearable Biomechanical Sensors and Human–Machine Interface 23711.1 Introduction 23711.2 TENG-Based Biomedical Sensing 23811.3 TENG-Based Human–Machine Interface 24511.4 Summary 254References 25412 TENG as the High-Voltage Source 25912.1 Introduction 25912.2 Overview of Materials and Universal Methods for TENG’s Performance Enhancement 26112.3 Artificial Muscle Based on Dielectric Elastomer and TENG 26812.4 Microactuators Based on Piezoelectric Ceramics and TENG 27212.5 Materials Polarized by the High Voltage Output From TENG 27312.6 Electrostatic Manipulator Driven by TENG 27812.7 Electrostatic Adsorption and Air Cleaning Based on TENG 28212.8 Electronic Excitation and Ion Generation Powered by TENG 28712.9 Summary and Perspectives 294References 296Index 299