Sanchayita Rajkhowa is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Haflong Govt. College, Assam, India. Her research is focused on surface chemistry, surfactants, and their impact on drug discovery, carbohydrate chemistry, and ionic liquids development.Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. His research is focused on the degradation of organic pollutants through various indigenous isolated microbes and photocatalytic types.Anik Sen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India. His research is focused on computational molecular modelling in a variety of fields, including solvation, solar cells, reaction mechanisms, and drug design.Jyotirmoy Sarma is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Assam Don Bosco University, Assam, India. He has published extensively on surface chemistry, ionic liquids, and related subjects.

• Preface xvii1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas1.1 Introduction 11.2 Constituents of ILs 21.3 The Brief History 31.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems 61.5 The Generation of ILs 61.6 Structural Development of ILs 91.7 Scope of ILs 171.8 Commercialization of ILs 181.9 Conclusions 202 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta2.1 Introduction 292.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids 302.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids 332.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 443 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta3.1 Introduction 513.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 523.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 624 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon4.1 Introduction 694.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids 714.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 784.4 IoNanofluids 824.5 Conclusion 885 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formations 97Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania5.1 Introduction 975.2 Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions 985.3 Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction 1175.4 Conclusion 1316 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto6.1 Introduction 1416.2 General Characteristics of ILs 1436.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology 1456.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1537 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Properties of ILs 1637.3 Synthesis of PILs 1667.4 Types and Application of Common PILs 1677.5 Conclusion 1678 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta8.1 Introduction 1798.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry 1818.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers 1848.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 1868.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices 1918.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 1919 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields 1969.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids 1979.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) 1989.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles 1989.6 Conclusion 20110 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah10.1 Introduction 20310.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 20510.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids 20710.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids 20910.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 21311 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application 22211.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms 22411.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach 22911.5 Conclusions 23012 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade12.1 Introduction 23512.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics 23712.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures 23912.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids 24112.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes 24512.6 Future Developments 24712.7 Conclusion 24813 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255Mrinal K. Si13.1 Introduction 25513.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents 25713.3 Biomedical Applications 25713.4 Summary and Future Aspects 26014 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika14.1 Introduction 26514.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids 26714.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids 27814.4 Conclusion 27915 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir15.1 Introduction 28315.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels 28415.3 Biomass Conversion Process 28515.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids 28615.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids 29115.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery 29215.7 Conclusions 29516 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon16.1 Introduction 30116.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture 30316.3 Conclusion 31617 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar17.1 Introduction 33317.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels 33517.3 Butanol Production 33517.4 Butanol Recovery 33717.5 Ionic Liquids 33917.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 34317.7 World Butanol Demand 34417.8 Conclusion 34518 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar18.1 Introduction 35318.2 Ionic Liquids 35518.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process 36018.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 36419 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics 36919.2 Properties of ILs 37219.3 Application of ILs 37219.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? 37519.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs 37619.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs 37719.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs 37819.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid 38019.9 Overview and Future Avenues 38820 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395Huo Feng and Yue Bowen20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 39620.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries 40320.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors 40820.4 Conclusion 41321 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam21.1 Introduction 41921.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles 42121.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective 44022 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni22.1 Introduction 44322.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 44422.3 General Synthetic Methodologies 44422.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields 44522.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development 44723 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua23.1 Introduction 46023.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids 46023.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations 46423.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis 46723.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids 46923.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes 47023.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production 47123.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel 47523.9 Conclusion 479References 479Index 489

Sanchayita Rajkhowa is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Haflong Govt. College, Assam, India. Her research is focused on surface chemistry, surfactants, and their impact on drug discovery, carbohydrate chemistry, and ionic liquids development.Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. His research is focused on the degradation of organic pollutants through various indigenous isolated microbes and photocatalytic types.Anik Sen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India. His research is focused on computational molecular modelling in a variety of fields, including solvation, solar cells, reaction mechanisms, and drug design.Jyotirmoy Sarma is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Assam Don Bosco University, Assam, India. He has published extensively on surface chemistry, ionic liquids, and related subjects.

• Preface xvii1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas1.1 Introduction 11.2 Constituents of ILs 21.3 The Brief History 31.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems 61.5 The Generation of ILs 61.6 Structural Development of ILs 91.7 Scope of ILs 171.8 Commercialization of ILs 181.9 Conclusions 202 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta2.1 Introduction 292.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids 302.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids 332.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 443 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta3.1 Introduction 513.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 523.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 624 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon4.1 Introduction 694.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids 714.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 784.4 IoNanofluids 824.5 Conclusion 885 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formations 97Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania5.1 Introduction 975.2 Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions 985.3 Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction 1175.4 Conclusion 1316 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto6.1 Introduction 1416.2 General Characteristics of ILs 1436.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology 1456.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1537 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Properties of ILs 1637.3 Synthesis of PILs 1667.4 Types and Application of Common PILs 1677.5 Conclusion 1678 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta8.1 Introduction 1798.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry 1818.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers 1848.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 1868.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices 1918.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 1919 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields 1969.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids 1979.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) 1989.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles 1989.6 Conclusion 20110 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah10.1 Introduction 20310.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 20510.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids 20710.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids 20910.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 21311 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application 22211.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms 22411.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach 22911.5 Conclusions 23012 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade12.1 Introduction 23512.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics 23712.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures 23912.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids 24112.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes 24512.6 Future Developments 24712.7 Conclusion 24813 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255Mrinal K. Si13.1 Introduction 25513.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents 25713.3 Biomedical Applications 25713.4 Summary and Future Aspects 26014 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika14.1 Introduction 26514.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids 26714.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids 27814.4 Conclusion 27915 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir15.1 Introduction 28315.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels 28415.3 Biomass Conversion Process 28515.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids 28615.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids 29115.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery 29215.7 Conclusions 29516 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon16.1 Introduction 30116.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture 30316.3 Conclusion 31617 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar17.1 Introduction 33317.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels 33517.3 Butanol Production 33517.4 Butanol Recovery 33717.5 Ionic Liquids 33917.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 34317.7 World Butanol Demand 34417.8 Conclusion 34518 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar18.1 Introduction 35318.2 Ionic Liquids 35518.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process 36018.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 36419 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics 36919.2 Properties of ILs 37219.3 Application of ILs 37219.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? 37519.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs 37619.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs 37719.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs 37819.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid 38019.9 Overview and Future Avenues 38820 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395Huo Feng and Yue Bowen20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 39620.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries 40320.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors 40820.4 Conclusion 41321 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam21.1 Introduction 41921.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles 42121.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective 44022 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni22.1 Introduction 44322.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 44422.3 General Synthetic Methodologies 44422.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields 44522.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development 44723 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua23.1 Introduction 46023.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids 46023.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations 46423.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis 46723.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids 46923.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes 47023.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production 47123.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel 47523.9 Conclusion 479References 479Index 489

Sanchayita Rajkhowa is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Haflong Govt. College, Assam, India. Her research is focused on surface chemistry, surfactants, and their impact on drug discovery, carbohydrate chemistry, and ionic liquids development.Pardeep Singh is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. His research is focused on the degradation of organic pollutants through various indigenous isolated microbes and photocatalytic types.Anik Sen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, GIS, GITAM Deemed to be University, Visakhapatnam, AP, India. His research is focused on computational molecular modelling in a variety of fields, including solvation, solar cells, reaction mechanisms, and drug design.Jyotirmoy Sarma is Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemistry, Assam Don Bosco University, Assam, India. He has published extensively on surface chemistry, ionic liquids, and related subjects.

• Preface xvii1 History and Development of Ionic Liquids 1Sumana Brahma and Ramesh L. Gardas1.1 Introduction 11.2 Constituents of ILs 21.3 The Brief History 31.4 Ionic Liquid-Like Systems 61.5 The Generation of ILs 61.6 Structural Development of ILs 91.7 Scope of ILs 171.8 Commercialization of ILs 181.9 Conclusions 202 Growth of Ionic Liquids and their Applications 29Sudakhina Saikia, Himadri Borah, Pangkita Deka, and Rekha R. Dutta2.1 Introduction 292.2 Growth of Ionic Liquids 302.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids 332.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 443 Study of Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 51Tridib Mondal and Palas Samanta3.1 Introduction 513.2 Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquids 523.3 Conclusion and Perspectives 624 Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents: Are Ionic Liquids Nontoxic and Biodegradable? 69Helen Treasa Mathew, Kumar Abhisek, Shashikant Shivaji Vhatkar, Arvind Kumar, and Ramesh Oraon4.1 Introduction 694.2 Toxicity and Biodegradability of Ionic Liquids 714.3 Applications of Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents 784.4 IoNanofluids 824.5 Conclusion 885 Promising Uses of Ionic Liquids on Carbon—Carbon and Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formations 97Sudeshna Kalita and Anup Singhania5.1 Introduction 975.2 Carbon—Carbon Bond Formation Reactions 985.3 Carbon—Nitrogen Bond Formation Reaction 1175.4 Conclusion 1316 Ionic Liquids in Separation Techniques 141Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Eden Mulu, Jean J.R. Kinhoun, Temitope F. Ajibade, Kayode H. Lasisi, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, and Daniel A. Ayejoto6.1 Introduction 1416.2 General Characteristics of ILs 1436.3 The Use of ILs in Separation Technology 1456.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 1537 Polymers and Ionic Liquids 161Hailu Demissie, Fidelis O. Ajibade, Jean J. R. Kinhoun, Eden Mulu, Temitope F. Ajibade, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Bashir Adelodun, Pankaj Kumar, and Oluwaseyi A. Ajala7.1 Introduction 1617.2 Properties of ILs 1637.3 Synthesis of PILs 1667.4 Types and Application of Common PILs 1677.5 Conclusion 1678 Effect of Ionic Liquids on Electrochemical Biosensors and Other Bioelectrochemical Devices 179Himadri Borah, Upakul Dutta, and Rekha R. Dutta8.1 Introduction 1798.2 The Importance of Ionic Liquids in Electrochemistry 1818.3 Fabrication of IL-Based Sensing Layers 1848.4 IL-Based Electrochemical Biosensors 1868.5 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioelectrochemical Devices 1918.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects 1919 Nanopharmaceuticals With Ionic Liquids: A Novel Approach 195Bharadwaj Ittishree, Lipeeka Rout, Vinod Kashyap, and Rahul Sharma9.1 Introduction 1959.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Various Fields 1969.3 Nanotechnology and Ionic Liquids 1979.4 Use of Ionic Liquids in Nanocarrier Development (ReportedWork) 1989.5 Ionic Liquid-Assisted Metal Nanoparticles 1989.6 Conclusion 20110 Anticancer Activity of Ionic Liquids 203Atrayee Banaspati and Nirupamjit Sarmah10.1 Introduction 20310.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 20510.3 Toxicity of Ionic Liquids 20710.4 Anticancer Potential of Ionic Liquids 20910.5 Conclusions and Future Scope 21311 Importance of Ionic Liquids in Plant Defense: A Novel Approach 221Mamun Mandal and Abhijit Sarkar11.1 Introduction 22111.2 Generation of ILs and Their Application 22211.3 Role of ILs in Plant Defense Mechanisms 22411.4 IL Products in Future Management of Agri Industries: An Innovative Approach 22911.5 Conclusions 23012 Theoretical Description of Ionic Liquids 235Daniel A. Ayetoro, Nathaniel A. Nwogwu, Kelechi E. Igwe, Ehiaghe A. Elimian, Hailu Demissie, Temitope F. Ajibade, Abdulhamid Yusuf, Kayode H. Lasisi, Pankaj Kumar, Bashir Adelodun, and Fidelis O. Ajibade12.1 Introduction 23512.2 Ionic Liquid Dynamics 23712.3 Theoretical Advances in Force Fields and Electronic Structures 23912.4 Mixtures in Ionic Liquids 24112.5 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Chemical Processes 24512.6 Future Developments 24712.7 Conclusion 24813 Theoretical Understanding of Ionic Liquid Advancements in the Field of Medicine 255Mrinal K. Si13.1 Introduction 25513.2 A Brief History of Ionic Liquids and Deep Eutectic Solvents 25713.3 Biomedical Applications 25713.4 Summary and Future Aspects 26014 Recent Developments in Ionic Liquid Research from Environmental Perspectives 265Prarthana Bora and Swapnali Hazarika14.1 Introduction 26514.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids 26714.3 Limitations of Ionic Liquids 27814.4 Conclusion 27915 Ionic Liquids for Sustainable Biomass Conversion in Biorefinery 283Rakesh Dutta and Khemnath Patir15.1 Introduction 28315.2 Biomass as a Source of Organic Compounds and Fuels 28415.3 Biomass Conversion Process 28515.4 Value-Added Organic Compounds from Biomass in Ionic Liquids 28615.5 Production of Biodiesel with Ionic Liquids 29115.6 Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of ILs for Biorefinery 29215.7 Conclusions 29516 Ionic Liquids for Atmospheric CO2 Capture: A Techno-Economic Assessment 301Kumar Abhisek, Helen T. Mathew, Shashikant S. Vhatkar, Dipti S. Srivastava, Rahul Minz, and Ramesh Oraon16.1 Introduction 30116.2 Different Processes of CO2 Capture 30316.3 Conclusion 31617 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 333Kalyani Motghare, Diwakar Shende, Dharam Pal, and Kailas L. Wasewar17.1 Introduction 33317.2 Biobutanol: First-Generation Biofuels 33517.3 Butanol Production 33517.4 Butanol Recovery 33717.5 Ionic Liquids 33917.6 Recovery of Biobutanol Using Ionic Liquids 34317.7 World Butanol Demand 34417.8 Conclusion 34518 Bio-Carboxylic Acid Separation by Ionic Liquids 353Anuj Kumar, F.M. Antony, D.Z. Shende, and K.L. Wasewar18.1 Introduction 35318.2 Ionic Liquids 35518.3 Challenges in the Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.4 Methods for Separating Bio-Carboxylic Acids 35718.5 Separation of Bio-Carboxylic Acids by the Reactive Extraction Process 36018.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 36419 Current Trends in QSAR and Machine Learning Models of Ionic Liquids: Efficient Tools for Designing Environmentally Safe Solvents for the Future 369Supratik Kar and Jerzy Leszczynski19.1 Ionic Liquids and Their Structural Characteristics 36919.2 Properties of ILs 37219.3 Application of ILs 37219.4 Do ILs Follow Green Chemistry Principles and Are Hazard Free for Environment? 37519.5 Regulatory Proposals for Toxicity Assessment of ILs 37619.6 Why In Silico Modeling Is Needed for ILs 37719.7 Predictive Toxicity Models for ILs 37819.8 Databases of Ionic Liquid 38019.9 Overview and Future Avenues 38820 Advances in Simulation Research on Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 395Huo Feng and Yue Bowen20.1 Simulation Method of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes 39620.2 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Batteries 40320.3 Advances in Simulation of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes in Capacitors 40820.4 Conclusion 41321 Applications of Ionic Liquids in Heterocyclic Chemistry 419Suresh Rajamanickam and Binoyargha Dam21.1 Introduction 41921.2 Application of Ionic Liquids in the Syntheses of Various Heterocycles 42121.3 Conclusion and Future Prospective 44022 Application of Ionic Liquids in Drug Development 443Partha Dutta, Charu Arora, and Sanju Soni22.1 Introduction 44322.2 Classification of Ionic Liquids 44422.3 General Synthetic Methodologies 44422.4 An Overview of Applications in Diverse Fields 44522.5 Specific Applications in the Field of Pharmaceutical Development 44723 Application of Ionic Liquids in Biocatalysis and Biotechnology 459Ehiaghe Agbovhimen Elimian, Fidelis Odedishemi Ajibade, Temitope Fausat Ajibade, Hailu Demissie, Nathaniel Azubuike Nwogwu, Kayode Hassan Lasisi, Daniel A. Ayetoro, and Ehizonomhen Solomon Okonofua23.1 Introduction 46023.2 Properties of Ionic Liquids 46023.3 Whole-Cell Biotransformations 46423.4 Ionic Liquids as Solvents for Enzyme Catalysis 46723.5 Enzyme Selectivity in Ionic Liquids 46923.6 Ionic Liquid Stability of Enzymes 47023.7 Application of Ionic Liquids in Bioethanol Production 47123.8 Ionic Liquids Applied in the Synthesis of Biodiesel 47523.9 Conclusion 479References 479Index 489