Rechargeable Organic Batteries

Yongzhu Fu is a Professor in the College of Chemistry at Zhengzhou University in the People's Republic of China. He received his Ph.D. degree in Materials Science and Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin (USA) in 2007. He was an Assistant Professor at Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, in the United States before he joined Zhengzhou University in 2017. His research is focused on electrochemical energy materials.Xiang Li is an Associate Professor in the College of Chemistry at Zhengzhou University in the People's Republic of China. He received his Ph.D. degree in University of Tsukuba (Japan) in 2019. His research is focused on positive electrode materials for Li/Na-ion batteries and electrolyte design related to electrochemical energy storage.Shuai Tang is an Associate Professor in the College of Chemistry at Zhengzhou University in the People's Republic of China. He received his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry from Xiamen University in 2019 and bachelor degree in metallurgy engineering from Central South University in 2013. His research is focused on interfacial electrochemistry and energy materials related to electrochemical energy storage, especially on the organic electrode materials and sodium batteries.Wei Guo is a Professor in the College of Chemistry at the Zhengzhou University in the People's Republic of China. She received her Ph.D. degree in Inorganic Chemistry from Nankai University in 2014. Her research is focused on nanostructured and hybrid materials for rechargeable batteries.

• Preface ix1 Necessity and Advantages of Developing Rechargeable Organic Batteries 11.1 Current Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies 11.2 Rechargeable Organic Batteries 31.3 Goal, Scope, and Organization of this Book 41.3.1 Working Principles and Fundamental Properties 41.3.2 A Selection of an Organic Electrode 41.3.3 EES Applications 51.3.4 Practical Applications 61.3.5 Key Challenges 6Acknowledgments 7References 72 Redox Mechanisms and Characterization Methods of Organic Electrode Materials 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Carbonyl Materials 142.2.1 Redox Mechanisms 142.2.2 Characterization Methods 162.3 Organosulfide Materials 192.3.1 Redox Mechanisms 192.3.1.1 Redox Mechanisms of n-type Organosulfides 202.3.1.2 Redox Mechanisms of p-Type Organosulfides 202.3.2 Characterization Methods 212.4 Radical Materials 232.4.1 Redox Mechanisms 232.4.2 Characterization Methods 232.5 N-Containing Active Materials 242.5.1 Redox Mechanisms of Azo Materials 242.5.2 Redox Mechanisms of Imine Materials 252.5.3 Redox Mechanisms of Conjugated Sulfonamides 252.5.4 Redox Mechanisms of Nitroaromatic Materials 252.5.5 Redox Mechanisms of Other N-containing Active Materials 272.5.6 Characterization Methods 282.6 Summary and Outlook 30Acknowledgments 31References 313 Carbonyl-Based Organic Cathodes 353.1 Introduction 353.2 Quinone Compounds 363.2.1 Quinones for LIBs 363.2.2 Quinones for SIBs 423.2.3 Quinones for Aqueous ZIBs 433.2.4 Quinones for Other Metal-Ion Batteries 493.2.5 Quinones for RFBs 523.3 Imides 573.4 Anhydrides 593.5 Summary and Outlook 61Acknowledgments 62References 624 Sulfur-Containing Organic Cathodes 654.1 Introduction 654.2 Organodisulfide 664.3 Organopolysulfides 684.3.1 Basic Organopolysulfides 684.3.2 Thiol-derived Organopolysulfides 734.4 Heteroatom-Containing Organosulfides 784.4.1 Organosulfides-Containing N-Heterocycles 784.4.2 Organosulfides-Containing Selenium 824.4.3 Organosulfides-Containing Other Heteroatom 854.5 Organosulfur–Inorganic Hybrid Cathodes 884.6 Other Organosulfur Cathodes 934.7 Summary and Outlooks 96Acknowledgments 97References 985 Radical-Based Organic Cathodes 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Radical for Metal-Ion Battery 1025.2.1 PTVE Radical 1035.2.2 Other TEMPO-Based Nitroxyl Radicals 1045.2.3 Other Nitroxyl Radicals 1065.2.4 Other Radical Electrode Materials 1075.2.5 Other Effect of TEMPO 1085.3 Radicals for Redox Flow Batteries 1095.3.1 Functionalization for Radicals 1105.3.2 Ionization for Radicals 1145.3.3 Radicals Polymer 1195.4 Summary and Prospect 122Acknowledgments 124References 1246 Organometallic Complexes-Based Electrodes 1276.1 Introduction 1276.2 Small Molecules 1286.2.1 Porphyrin Complex 1286.2.2 Phthalocyanine Complex 1296.2.3 Ferrocene 1306.3 1d MOF 1346.4 2d MOF 1376.5 3d MOF 1396.6 Summary and Outlook 141Acknowledgments 142References 1427 Polymer-Based Organic Cathodes 1457.1 Introduction 1457.2 Organosulfur Polymers 1467.2.1 Unsaturated Bond-Derived Organosulfur Polymers 1467.2.2 -SH-Derived Organosulfur Polymers 1547.2.3 Span 1577.2.4 Covalent Organosulfur Polymers 1637.3 Carbonyl-Derived Polymers 1677.3.1 Polyquinones 1687.3.2 Polyimides 1767.3.3 Polyanhydrides 1817.4 Covalent Organic Frameworks-Derived Polymers 1827.5 Organic Radical-Derived Polymers 1867.6 Other Polymers 1907.6.1 Triphenylamine-Based Polymers 1907.6.2 Hexaazatrinaphthalene-Based Polymers 1917.7 Summary and Outlook 193Acknowledgments 194References 1948 Organic Anode 1998.1 Introduction 1998.2 Conjugated Carboxylates 2008.2.1 Aromatic Dicarboxylates 2008.2.1.1 Effect of Metal Cation 2018.2.1.2 Effect of Conjugated Core 2038.2.1.3 Effect of Substituent Groups 2098.2.1.4 Multi Active Sites 2108.2.2 Aliphatic Dicarboxylates 2118.3 Schiff Bases 2138.4 Azo Compounds 2178.5 Covalent Organic Frameworks 2208.6 Thiophene Compounds 2228.7 Summary and Outlook 223Acknowledgments 224References 2249 All-Organic Batteries 2299.1 Introduction 2299.2 Traditional Batteries 2309.2.1 Cell Configuration 2309.2.2 Proton Batteries 2319.2.2.1 Two Different Molecules for Anode and Cathode 2329.2.2.2 Anchoring Type All-Organic Batteries 2359.2.2.3 Bipolar All-Organic Proton Batteries 2359.2.2.4 Other Research on All-Organic Proton Batteries 2379.2.3 All-Organic Batteries Based on Metallic Carriers 2389.2.3.1 Li-Ion Carrier for All-Organic Batteries 2399.2.3.2 Na/K Ions Carrier for All-Organic Batteries 2489.2.4 Metal-Free Carriers for All-Organic Batteries 2509.3 Flow Batteries Based on Organic Molecules 2549.3.1 Cell Configuration 2559.3.2 Comparison of AORFBs and NORFBs 2569.3.3 Principle of Molecular Engineering for ORFBs 2569.3.4 Aqueous all-Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2579.3.5 Nonaqueous all-Organic Redox Flow Batteries 2609.4 Summary and Outlook 264Acknowledgments 265References 26510 Outlook 269Acknowledgments 271List of Abbreviations 273Index 285