Efficient Uranium Reduction Extraction

Wenkun Zhu is the Principal Investigator in CAEA Innovation Center of Nuclear Environmental Safety Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China.Rong He is a Professor in School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China.Tao Chen is a Professor in School of National Defense & Nuclear Science and Technology, Southwest University of Science and Technology (SWUST), China.

• Preface xi1 Background of Uranium Chemistry 11.1 Introduction of Uranium in Nuclear Industry 11.1.1 Importance of Uranium Resource in Nuclear Industry 11.1.2 Uranium Cycle in Nuclear Industry 21.2 Coordination and Species of Uranium 21.2.1 General Chemical Properties of Uranium 21.2.2 Basic Uranium Species in the Solution-Uranyl and Uranyl Compound 31.2.3 Valence Transformation of Uranium 4References 52 Introduction of Uranium Reduction Extraction 92.1 Introduction of Uranium Extraction 92.2 Introduction of Uranium Reduction Extraction 92.2.1 Basic Concept and Process of Uranium Reduction Extraction 92.2.2 Uranium Reduction by Zerovalent Iron 102.2.3 Photochemistry and Photochemical Uranium Reduction 102.2.4 Electrochemistry Involved in the Electrochemical Uranium Reduction 112.3 Key Factors to Influence the Uranium Reduction Extraction 112.3.1 Surface Adsorption and Coordination 122.3.2 Reductive Ability 122.4 Practical Situation that Requires Uranium Extraction 132.4.1 Uranium Extraction in Seawater 132.4.2 Uranium Extraction in Mining and Metallurgy 132.4.3 Uranium Extraction in Nuclear Wastewater 14References 143 Uranium Reduction Extraction by Modified Nano Zerovalent Iron 193.1 Introduction of Nano Zerovalent Iron 193.2 Material Design for Promoted Stability and Reductive Ability 213.3 Uranium Extraction Performance 243.4 Reaction Mechanism 263.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 29References 304 Uranium Reduction Extraction by Commercial Iron Powder 334.1 Introduction of Alternative Abundant Reductant-Commercial Iron Powder 334.2 Ultrasound Enhancement of Uranium Extraction by Commercial Iron Powder 344.2.1 Extraction of U(VI) by Commercial Iron Powder 344.2.2 Analysis of Uranium Enrichment Status 364.2.3 Key Mechanism of Ultrasonic Enhanced Commercial Iron Powder for Uranium Extraction 364.3 Microbial Sulfurization-Enhanced Commercial Iron Powder Extraction of Uranium 394.3.1 Characterizations of BS-ZVI 394.3.2 Performance of Photocatalytic Enrichment of U(VI) by BS-ZVI 404.3.3 Photoelectric Properties and Energy Band Structure of BS-ZVI 414.3.4 Photocatalytic Enrichment Mechanism of U(VI) 434.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 45References 455 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 495.1 Introduction of Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 495.2 Motivated Material Design of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 515.2.1 Introduction 515.2.2 Results and Discussions 525.2.3 Summary 575.3 Band Engineering of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material 575.3.1 Introduction 575.3.2 Results and Discussions 585.3.3 Summary 645.4 Assembly of Carbon-Semiconductor Hybrid Material for Facile Recycle Use 655.4.1 Introduction 655.4.2 Results and Discussions 665.4.3 Summary 715.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 72References 736 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Surface Reconstructed Semiconductor 776.1 Introduction 776.2 Design of Hydrogen-Incorporated Semiconductor-Hydrogen-Assist 786.2.1 Hydrogen-Incorporated VO 2 786.2.2 Hydrogen-Incorporated Oxidized WS 2 866.3 Hydrogen-Incorporated Vacancy Engineering 926.3.1 Oxygen Vacancy-Case of WO 3-x 926.3.2 Doping-Induced Cation Vacancy-Case of Fe-Doped TiO 2 996.3.3 Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Black TiO 2 @Co 2 P S-Scheme 1046.4 Conclusions 110References 1117 Enhanced Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction by Electron Enhancement 1177.1 Introduction 1177.2 Plasmonic Enhancement of Uranium Extraction 1177.2.1 Enhanced Uranium by Hot Electrons of Plasmonic Metals 1187.2.1.1 Introduction 1187.2.1.2 Summary 1257.2.2 Plasmonic Engineering – High-Entropy Plasmonic Alloy 1257.2.2.1 Introduction 1257.2.2.2 Summary 1337.2.3 Promotion of Electron Energy by Upconversion-Case of Er Doping 1337.2.3.1 Introduction 1337.2.3.2 Summary 1417.3 Enhanced by Cocatalysis 1437.3.1 Introduction 1437.3.1.1 Results and Discussions 1457.3.2 Summary 1567.4 Conclusion and Perspectives 157References 1578 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction in Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System 1698.1 Introduction of Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System-Spent Fuel Reprocessing 1698.2 Material Design-Self Oxidation of Red Phosphorus 1708.3 Uranium Extraction in Tributyl Phosphate-Kerosene System 1738.4 Reaction Mechanism-Self Oxidation Cycle 1778.5 Conclusion and Perspectives 181References 1829 Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction in Fluoride-Containing System 1879.1 Introduction of Photocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 1879.2 Simultaneously Constructing U(VI) Constraint Sites and Water Oxidation Sites to Promote the Purification of Fluorine-Containing Uranium Wastewater 1889.2.1 Introduction 1889.2.2 Results and Discussions 1899.2.3 Summary 1979.3 Advanced Photocatalytic Heterojunction with Plasmon Resonance Effect for Uranium Extraction from Fluoride-Containing Uranium Wastewater 1989.3.1 Introduction 1989.3.2 Results and Discussions 1999.3.3 Summary 204References 20510 Electrochemical Uranium Reduction Extraction: Design of Electrode Materials 21110.1 Introduction of Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 21110.2 Edge-Site Confinement for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 21310.2.1 Introduction 21310.2.2 Results and Discussions 21410.2.3 Summary 21910.3 Facet-Dependent Electrochemical Uranium Extraction in Seawater Over Fe 3 O 4 Catalysts 21910.3.1 Introduction 21910.3.2 Results and Discussions 22010.3.3 Conclusion 22510.4 Heterogeneous Interface-Enhanced Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 22510.4.1 Introduction 22510.4.2 Results and Discussions 22610.4.3 Summary 23110.5 Surface Hydroxyl-Enhanced Electrochemical Extraction of Uranium 23210.5.1 Introduction 23210.5.2 Results and Discussions 23310.5.3 Summary 23710.6 Charge-Separation Engineering for Electrocatalytic Uranium Reduction Extraction 23810.6.1 Introduction 23810.6.2 Results and Discussions 23910.6.3 Summary 24410.7 Conclusion and Perspectives 244References 24511 Electrochemical Uranium Extraction from Seawater-Reproduced Vacancy 25311.1 Introduction of Electrocatalytic Uranium Extraction from Seawater 25311.2 High-Selective Site Oxygen Vacancy 25311.3 Conclusion 257References 25812 Electrochemical Uranium Extraction from Nuclear Wastewater of Fuel Production 26312.1 Introduction of Nuclear Wastewater of Fuel Production: Ultrahigh Concentration of Fluoride 26312.2 Material Design-Ion Pair Sites 26412.3 Uranium Extraction Performance 26612.3.1 Simulated Wastewater 26612.3.2 Real Nuclear Wastewater 26812.4 Reaction Mechanism – Coordination and Crystallization 26812.5 Conclusion 270References 27013 Perspectives and Emerging Directions 27313.1 Application in Real Situation 27313.2 Criteria of Performance Evaluation 27413.3 Device of Uranium Reduction Extraction 27613.3.1 Chemical Reduction Coupled with External Field 27613.3.2 Photocatalytic Device for Flow Cell 27613.3.3 Electrocatalytic Device with Controlling System 277References 279Index 283