Marta Wójcicka: I have been working as a professor at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. My research interests lie within Texts, Collective Memory, and Communication in Culture.

• Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 17Part I: Theoretical issuesI Collective memory: definitions, types, functions ................... 211 Memory: collective or social? .............................................................. 212 Collective memory: literal or metaphorical? ..................................... 233 Collective memory: a sum total of individual memories, or asupraindividual construct? ................................................................... 254 Memory vs. history: relational possibilities ....................................... 264.1 Memory versus history: disintegrating approaches ................... 274.2 Memory versus history: integrating approaches ........................ 325 Collective memory: definitions and attributes .................................. 356 Collective memory: typological attempts .......................................... 407 Collective memory: functions ............................................................. 54II Cultural heritage – memory – texts of culture .......................... 571 Memory as a carrier vs. memory carriers: preliminary remarks ........ 572 UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the IntangibleCultural Heritage: definition and scope ............................................. 583 Cultural heritage as a building material of memory ......................... 594 Memory as a carrier of cultural heritage ............................................ 605 Text of culture as a manifestation of cultural heritage ..................... 635.1 Text of culture: what is it? ............................................................. 635.2 Text of culture: a survey of definitions ........................................ 645.3 Text of culture as a structure ........................................................ 655.4 Text of culture as a process ........................................................... 665.5 Linguistic (oral) text as a prototypical text of culture ............... 695.5.1 Texts of culture: an analogy to natural language ......... 725.5.2 Texts of culture as an amalgam of codes ....................... 725.5.3 Intersemiotic translation of texts of culture intonatural language: selected issues .................................... 736 Cultural heritage ・ memory ・ texts of culture: research andanalytical perspectives .......................................................................... 75Part II: Memory in language – language-embeddedIII Memory depicted in linguistic metaphors .................................. 831 ‘Metaphor bridges reason and imagination’ ...................................... 832 Memory in linguistic metaphors: a state of research ........................ 853 Memory as a structure and a process: specific elaborations ............ 864 Is memory a language-like entity? ...................................................... 98IV Proper names as carriers of collective memory ..................... 1031 Cooking as language and memory .................................................... 1042 Names of dishes as carriers of declarative memory ........................ 1063 Functions of dish names ..................................................................... 113Part III: Memory and text – text memoryV Oral text structure as a reflection of memory structure ..... 1191 Oral text vis-a-vis oral memory ......................................................... 1192 Text as a memory aid: recalling a text from memory ..................... 1233 Text as a memory mirror: textual ways of expressing memory .... 1253.1 Text structure based on intertextual memory .......................... 1273.1.1 Intertextual memory: procedural dimension ............. 1273.1.2 Intertextual memory: the structural dimension ........ 1303.2 Text structure based on associative memory (keywords) ...... 1313.3 Text structure based on intertextuality-cum-associationmemory ......................................................................................... 139VI Text variation as information about the collectivememory functioning of a text ......................................................... 1491 The double nature of a folklore text as collective memoryinformation .......................................................................................... 1492 Folklore text variation: from structure of a text to picture ofan object ................................................................................................ 1503 Morphological analysis as an examination of an oral textcirculation in collective memory ....................................................... 1544 Text in a social group’s memory: circulation of an oral text .......... 1555 Folklorism: from cultural to intercultural memory ordialogue with tradition and traditional ways of apprehendingfolklore .................................................................................................. 174VII Memory figures versus memory aspects in oral texts .......... 1991 Memory figures in a research perspective ........................................ 1992 Memory in a functional perspective ................................................. 2002.1 Time ・ narration ・ memory ....................................................... 2002.1.1 Time vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................. 2022.1.2 Time vis-a-vis order of events ...................................... 2052.1.2.1 Creating the world of a narrative ................ 2112.1.2.2 Time in creating a protagonist .................... 2132.2 Space ・ narrative ・ memory ....................................................... 2162.2.1 Space vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................ 2172.2.2 Space vis-a-vis order of events ..................................... 2183 Reconstructivism as an objective aspect of memory ...................... 2313.1 Mythological reconstructivism .................................................. 2323.2 Belief-oriented reconstructivism ............................................... 2443.3 Apocryphal reconstructivism ..................................................... 2473.4 Historical reconstructivism ........................................................ 2513.5 Family-personal reconstructivism ............................................. 2593.6 Ritual reconstructivism ............................................................... 2614 Subjective aspect of memory: reference to a social group ............. 2704.1 The addresser of a text ................................................................. 2704.2 The addressee ............................................................................... 2945 Functions of memory figures ............................................................. 298Part IV: Memory and text genre – genre memory and genrenon-memoryVIII Memory types versus genre differentiation in folkloretexts ............................................................................................................. 3051 Genres of collective memory and non-memory ............................. 3052 Folklore genre as a factor of collective memory andnon-memory ........................................................................................ 3063 Memory as a criterion of typologising folkloregenres: mnemonic typology of texts of folklore .............................. 3093.1 The Criteria of folklore genre differentiation ........................... 3093.2 The memorates-fabulates distinction versus mnemonictypology of folklore genres ......................................................... 3123.3 Features of memory figures versus genre differentiationof folklore texts ............................................................................. 3133.4 Traditional and modern folklore genres in a memorytheory perspective ........................................................................ 3144. Transformations of folklore text genres: from communicativeto cultural memories ........................................................................... 322Part V: Memory and linguistic style – style memoryIX Memory as a distinguishing value of folk artistic style ....... 3311 Collective memory style ..................................................................... 3312 Folk artistic style in a folklorist perspective .................................... 3323 Memory as a worldview category ...................................................... 3333.1 Memory as a source of collectivity ............................................ 3353.2 Memory as support of orality ..................................................... 3374 Formula as a main exponent of memory ......................................... 3385 Memory as a treasure of folklore, folklore as a narrative aboutmemory ................................................................................................ 340Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 343Sources .................................................................................................................. 367List of Diagrams ............................................................................................... 369List of Tables ....................................................................................................... 371

Marta Wójcicka: I have been working as a professor at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. My research interests lie within Texts, Collective Memory, and Communication in Culture.

• Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 17Part I: Theoretical issuesI Collective memory: definitions, types, functions ................... 211 Memory: collective or social? .............................................................. 212 Collective memory: literal or metaphorical? ..................................... 233 Collective memory: a sum total of individual memories, or asupraindividual construct? ................................................................... 254 Memory vs. history: relational possibilities ....................................... 264.1 Memory versus history: disintegrating approaches ................... 274.2 Memory versus history: integrating approaches ........................ 325 Collective memory: definitions and attributes .................................. 356 Collective memory: typological attempts .......................................... 407 Collective memory: functions ............................................................. 54II Cultural heritage – memory – texts of culture .......................... 571 Memory as a carrier vs. memory carriers: preliminary remarks ........ 572 UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the IntangibleCultural Heritage: definition and scope ............................................. 583 Cultural heritage as a building material of memory ......................... 594 Memory as a carrier of cultural heritage ............................................ 605 Text of culture as a manifestation of cultural heritage ..................... 635.1 Text of culture: what is it? ............................................................. 635.2 Text of culture: a survey of definitions ........................................ 645.3 Text of culture as a structure ........................................................ 655.4 Text of culture as a process ........................................................... 665.5 Linguistic (oral) text as a prototypical text of culture ............... 695.5.1 Texts of culture: an analogy to natural language ......... 725.5.2 Texts of culture as an amalgam of codes ....................... 725.5.3 Intersemiotic translation of texts of culture intonatural language: selected issues .................................... 736 Cultural heritage ・ memory ・ texts of culture: research andanalytical perspectives .......................................................................... 75Part II: Memory in language – language-embeddedIII Memory depicted in linguistic metaphors .................................. 831 ‘Metaphor bridges reason and imagination’ ...................................... 832 Memory in linguistic metaphors: a state of research ........................ 853 Memory as a structure and a process: specific elaborations ............ 864 Is memory a language-like entity? ...................................................... 98IV Proper names as carriers of collective memory ..................... 1031 Cooking as language and memory .................................................... 1042 Names of dishes as carriers of declarative memory ........................ 1063 Functions of dish names ..................................................................... 113Part III: Memory and text – text memoryV Oral text structure as a reflection of memory structure ..... 1191 Oral text vis-a-vis oral memory ......................................................... 1192 Text as a memory aid: recalling a text from memory ..................... 1233 Text as a memory mirror: textual ways of expressing memory .... 1253.1 Text structure based on intertextual memory .......................... 1273.1.1 Intertextual memory: procedural dimension ............. 1273.1.2 Intertextual memory: the structural dimension ........ 1303.2 Text structure based on associative memory (keywords) ...... 1313.3 Text structure based on intertextuality-cum-associationmemory ......................................................................................... 139VI Text variation as information about the collectivememory functioning of a text ......................................................... 1491 The double nature of a folklore text as collective memoryinformation .......................................................................................... 1492 Folklore text variation: from structure of a text to picture ofan object ................................................................................................ 1503 Morphological analysis as an examination of an oral textcirculation in collective memory ....................................................... 1544 Text in a social group’s memory: circulation of an oral text .......... 1555 Folklorism: from cultural to intercultural memory ordialogue with tradition and traditional ways of apprehendingfolklore .................................................................................................. 174VII Memory figures versus memory aspects in oral texts .......... 1991 Memory figures in a research perspective ........................................ 1992 Memory in a functional perspective ................................................. 2002.1 Time ・ narration ・ memory ....................................................... 2002.1.1 Time vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................. 2022.1.2 Time vis-a-vis order of events ...................................... 2052.1.2.1 Creating the world of a narrative ................ 2112.1.2.2 Time in creating a protagonist .................... 2132.2 Space ・ narrative ・ memory ....................................................... 2162.2.1 Space vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................ 2172.2.2 Space vis-a-vis order of events ..................................... 2183 Reconstructivism as an objective aspect of memory ...................... 2313.1 Mythological reconstructivism .................................................. 2323.2 Belief-oriented reconstructivism ............................................... 2443.3 Apocryphal reconstructivism ..................................................... 2473.4 Historical reconstructivism ........................................................ 2513.5 Family-personal reconstructivism ............................................. 2593.6 Ritual reconstructivism ............................................................... 2614 Subjective aspect of memory: reference to a social group ............. 2704.1 The addresser of a text ................................................................. 2704.2 The addressee ............................................................................... 2945 Functions of memory figures ............................................................. 298Part IV: Memory and text genre – genre memory and genrenon-memoryVIII Memory types versus genre differentiation in folkloretexts ............................................................................................................. 3051 Genres of collective memory and non-memory ............................. 3052 Folklore genre as a factor of collective memory andnon-memory ........................................................................................ 3063 Memory as a criterion of typologising folkloregenres: mnemonic typology of texts of folklore .............................. 3093.1 The Criteria of folklore genre differentiation ........................... 3093.2 The memorates-fabulates distinction versus mnemonictypology of folklore genres ......................................................... 3123.3 Features of memory figures versus genre differentiationof folklore texts ............................................................................. 3133.4 Traditional and modern folklore genres in a memorytheory perspective ........................................................................ 3144. Transformations of folklore text genres: from communicativeto cultural memories ........................................................................... 322Part V: Memory and linguistic style – style memoryIX Memory as a distinguishing value of folk artistic style ....... 3311 Collective memory style ..................................................................... 3312 Folk artistic style in a folklorist perspective .................................... 3323 Memory as a worldview category ...................................................... 3333.1 Memory as a source of collectivity ............................................ 3353.2 Memory as support of orality ..................................................... 3374 Formula as a main exponent of memory ......................................... 3385 Memory as a treasure of folklore, folklore as a narrative aboutmemory ................................................................................................ 340Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 343Sources .................................................................................................................. 367List of Diagrams ............................................................................................... 369List of Tables ....................................................................................................... 371

Marta Wójcicka: I have been working as a professor at the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University in Lublin. My research interests lie within Texts, Collective Memory, and Communication in Culture.

• Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... 17Part I: Theoretical issuesI Collective memory: definitions, types, functions ................... 211 Memory: collective or social? .............................................................. 212 Collective memory: literal or metaphorical? ..................................... 233 Collective memory: a sum total of individual memories, or asupraindividual construct? ................................................................... 254 Memory vs. history: relational possibilities ....................................... 264.1 Memory versus history: disintegrating approaches ................... 274.2 Memory versus history: integrating approaches ........................ 325 Collective memory: definitions and attributes .................................. 356 Collective memory: typological attempts .......................................... 407 Collective memory: functions ............................................................. 54II Cultural heritage – memory – texts of culture .......................... 571 Memory as a carrier vs. memory carriers: preliminary remarks ........ 572 UNESCO’s Convention for the Safeguarding of the IntangibleCultural Heritage: definition and scope ............................................. 583 Cultural heritage as a building material of memory ......................... 594 Memory as a carrier of cultural heritage ............................................ 605 Text of culture as a manifestation of cultural heritage ..................... 635.1 Text of culture: what is it? ............................................................. 635.2 Text of culture: a survey of definitions ........................................ 645.3 Text of culture as a structure ........................................................ 655.4 Text of culture as a process ........................................................... 665.5 Linguistic (oral) text as a prototypical text of culture ............... 695.5.1 Texts of culture: an analogy to natural language ......... 725.5.2 Texts of culture as an amalgam of codes ....................... 725.5.3 Intersemiotic translation of texts of culture intonatural language: selected issues .................................... 736 Cultural heritage ・ memory ・ texts of culture: research andanalytical perspectives .......................................................................... 75Part II: Memory in language – language-embeddedIII Memory depicted in linguistic metaphors .................................. 831 ‘Metaphor bridges reason and imagination’ ...................................... 832 Memory in linguistic metaphors: a state of research ........................ 853 Memory as a structure and a process: specific elaborations ............ 864 Is memory a language-like entity? ...................................................... 98IV Proper names as carriers of collective memory ..................... 1031 Cooking as language and memory .................................................... 1042 Names of dishes as carriers of declarative memory ........................ 1063 Functions of dish names ..................................................................... 113Part III: Memory and text – text memoryV Oral text structure as a reflection of memory structure ..... 1191 Oral text vis-a-vis oral memory ......................................................... 1192 Text as a memory aid: recalling a text from memory ..................... 1233 Text as a memory mirror: textual ways of expressing memory .... 1253.1 Text structure based on intertextual memory .......................... 1273.1.1 Intertextual memory: procedural dimension ............. 1273.1.2 Intertextual memory: the structural dimension ........ 1303.2 Text structure based on associative memory (keywords) ...... 1313.3 Text structure based on intertextuality-cum-associationmemory ......................................................................................... 139VI Text variation as information about the collectivememory functioning of a text ......................................................... 1491 The double nature of a folklore text as collective memoryinformation .......................................................................................... 1492 Folklore text variation: from structure of a text to picture ofan object ................................................................................................ 1503 Morphological analysis as an examination of an oral textcirculation in collective memory ....................................................... 1544 Text in a social group’s memory: circulation of an oral text .......... 1555 Folklorism: from cultural to intercultural memory ordialogue with tradition and traditional ways of apprehendingfolklore .................................................................................................. 174VII Memory figures versus memory aspects in oral texts .......... 1991 Memory figures in a research perspective ........................................ 1992 Memory in a functional perspective ................................................. 2002.1 Time ・ narration ・ memory ....................................................... 2002.1.1 Time vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................. 2022.1.2 Time vis-a-vis order of events ...................................... 2052.1.2.1 Creating the world of a narrative ................ 2112.1.2.2 Time in creating a protagonist .................... 2132.2 Space ・ narrative ・ memory ....................................................... 2162.2.1 Space vis-a-vis order of discourse ................................ 2172.2.2 Space vis-a-vis order of events ..................................... 2183 Reconstructivism as an objective aspect of memory ...................... 2313.1 Mythological reconstructivism .................................................. 2323.2 Belief-oriented reconstructivism ............................................... 2443.3 Apocryphal reconstructivism ..................................................... 2473.4 Historical reconstructivism ........................................................ 2513.5 Family-personal reconstructivism ............................................. 2593.6 Ritual reconstructivism ............................................................... 2614 Subjective aspect of memory: reference to a social group ............. 2704.1 The addresser of a text ................................................................. 2704.2 The addressee ............................................................................... 2945 Functions of memory figures ............................................................. 298Part IV: Memory and text genre – genre memory and genrenon-memoryVIII Memory types versus genre differentiation in folkloretexts ............................................................................................................. 3051 Genres of collective memory and non-memory ............................. 3052 Folklore genre as a factor of collective memory andnon-memory ........................................................................................ 3063 Memory as a criterion of typologising folkloregenres: mnemonic typology of texts of folklore .............................. 3093.1 The Criteria of folklore genre differentiation ........................... 3093.2 The memorates-fabulates distinction versus mnemonictypology of folklore genres ......................................................... 3123.3 Features of memory figures versus genre differentiationof folklore texts ............................................................................. 3133.4 Traditional and modern folklore genres in a memorytheory perspective ........................................................................ 3144. Transformations of folklore text genres: from communicativeto cultural memories ........................................................................... 322Part V: Memory and linguistic style – style memoryIX Memory as a distinguishing value of folk artistic style ....... 3311 Collective memory style ..................................................................... 3312 Folk artistic style in a folklorist perspective .................................... 3323 Memory as a worldview category ...................................................... 3333.1 Memory as a source of collectivity ............................................ 3353.2 Memory as support of orality ..................................................... 3374 Formula as a main exponent of memory ......................................... 3385 Memory as a treasure of folklore, folklore as a narrative aboutmemory ................................................................................................ 340Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 343Sources .................................................................................................................. 367List of Diagrams ............................................................................................... 369List of Tables ....................................................................................................... 371