This book presents a comprehensive survey in which internationally recognized experts discuss specific topics. Physiological and biophysical foundations of hemodynamics are reviewed and clinical tools to evaluate these newer parameters are described. Monitoring strategies integrating theoretical and practical aspects of hemodynamics in commonly encountered ICU conditions are presented. This Update represents the series'' continuous effort to combine the most recent developments in one reference source for all those involved in cardiology, internal medicine, pediatrics, anesthesia, intensive care and emergency medicine.