Contemporary Leadership Theories

Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory. FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...12 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'sAttributionsBasedonObservedBehavior ...15 StageofDiagnosis ...16 StageofDecision...19 AnInteractiveModeloftheLeader/MemberAttributionProcess...20 SelectedProsandCons ...22 4 PsychodynamicLeadershipApproach ...23 IntroductionandBackground...23 BasicConcepts...23 FamilyofOrigin ...24 ProcessofMaturationandIndividualization ...24 DependenceandIndependence ...25 Regression...25 SuppressionandShadowoftheEgo...25 Identi?cationandtheEmergenceofLeadership ...26 AnalysisofLeadershipRelations...27 TypesofLeaders...28 SelectedProsandCons ...30 5 NeocharismaticLeadership ...31 IntroductionandBackground...31 MaxWeber:CharismaandLegitimatedAuthority...32 CharismaticLeadership ...32 vii viii Contents TheEarlyConcept ...32 CharismaasAttribution...33 Self-Concept-BasedTheoryofCharisma...34 CharismaasFire ...34 Value-BasedLeadership ...36 BacktotheFollowers...36 TheGLOBEResearchProgram ...37 TransformationalLeadership ...40 FactorsofTransformationalLeadership...41 FactorsofTransactionalLeadership...42 Non-leadership ...43 SimilaritiesintheApproaches...44 SelectedProsandCons ...45 6 Leader?memberExchangeTheory ...47 IntroductionandBackground...47 QualitiesandDevelopmentofLeader?memberRelations...48 EffectsandDevelopmentofHigh-qualityLeader?member Relationships ...51 SelectedProsandCons ...53 7 IdiosyncrasyCreditModelofLeadership ...55 IntroductionandBackground...55 DevelopmentofStatus...55 NonconformityofLeaders...57 Electedvs. AppointedLeaders...57 SelectedProsandCons ...58 8 SymbolicLeadership...59 IntroductionandBackground...59 ALeader'Asisthecasewithmostbooks,thisbookalsotooksometimetoevolve. Withthe ?rstideasaboutwritingitbeginningin2004,itwasaratherlongandbusyprocess. However,itwasalsoaprocessfullofacquiringnewknowledge,discussingtopics withinterestingpeople,gainingpersonalinsights,and?nallyresultinginpersonal development. Particularly,IwouldliketothankRainhartLang,whocontributedto myunderstandingofleadershipandtheorybyprovidingmanysuggestionsandalot ofadvice. Furthermore,IwouldliketothankthestudentsatChemnitzUniversityof Technologywhopatientlytookpartinmycoursesoncontemporaryleadership theory.FromthemIlearnedhownewcomerstothesubjectunderstandwhatIhave writteninselectedchaptersandwhatshouldbeconsequentlyamended. Additi- ally,ElisabethSchumannandJuliaHeiberdidagreatjobwithproofreadingthe bookandadvancingtheleveloflanguage. AsEnglishisnotmy?rstlanguageitwas sometimesnecessarytoremindmethatexpressingsomethinginEnglishisrather differentfromtellingitinGerman. Finally,Iamalsogratefultothepeopleat Springer,whohelpedmepublishingthisbook. v Contents 1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook ...1 2 CharacteristicsofContemporaryTheoreticalApproaches inLeadershipResearch...5 3 AttributionTheoryinLeadershipResearch...9 IntroductionandBackground...9 LeadershipasAttributedQuality ...10 Leader'sAttributionsBasedonObservedBehavior ...15 StageofDiagnosis ...16 StageofDecision...19 AnInteractiveModeloftheLeader/MemberAttributionProcess...20 SelectedProsandCons ...22 4 PsychodynamicLeadershipApproach ...23 IntroductionandBackground...23 BasicConcepts...23 FamilyofOrigin ...24 ProcessofMaturationandIndividualization ...24 DependenceandIndependence ...25 Regression...25 SuppressionandShadowoftheEgo...25 Identi?cationandtheEmergenceofLeadership ...26 AnalysisofLeadershipRelations...27 TypesofLeaders...28 SelectedProsandCons ...30 5 NeocharismaticLeadership ...31 IntroductionandBackground...31 MaxWeber:CharismaandLegitimatedAuthority...32 CharismaticLeadership ...32 vii viii Contents TheEarlyConcept ...32 CharismaasAttribution...33 Self-Concept-BasedTheoryofCharisma...34 CharismaasFire ...34 Value-BasedLeadership ...36 BacktotheFollowers...36 TheGLOBEResearchProgram ...37 TransformationalLeadership ...40 FactorsofTransformationalLeadership...41 FactorsofTransactionalLeadership...42 Non-leadership ...43 SimilaritiesintheApproaches...44 SelectedProsandCons ...45 6 Leader?memberExchangeTheory ...47 IntroductionandBackground...47 QualitiesandDevelopmentofLeader?memberRelations...48 EffectsandDevelopmentofHigh-qualityLeader?member Relationships ...51 SelectedProsandCons ...53 7 IdiosyncrasyCreditModelofLeadership ...55 IntroductionandBackground...55 DevelopmentofStatus...55 NonconformityofLeaders...57 Electedvs. AppointedLeaders...57 SelectedProsandCons ...58 8 SymbolicLeadership...59 IntroductionandBackground...59 ALeader'sActingIsSymbolized ...60 LeadershipasBeingSymbolizedandSymbolizing ...61 SelectedProsandCons ...63 9 Micro-politicsApproachtoLeadership...65 IntroductionandBackground...65 PoliticsandLeadership ...66 TacticsofMicro-politicalBehavior ...67 AModelofPoliticalLeaderBehavior...68 Micro-politicsandtheLifeCycleofanOrganization...72 Micro-politicsIsNotInherentlyBad ...73 SelectedProsandCons ...73 10 RoleTheoryofLeadership...75 IntroductionandBackground ...75 Contents ix ExpectationsandtheRoleSet ...76 TheProcessofRoleAscription...78 RoleCon?icts ...82 SelectedProsandCons ...83 11 SocialLearningTheoryofLeadership...85 IntroductionandBackground ...85 CharacteristicsofSocialLearninginLeadershipRelations...86 ModelLearning ...86 TheRoleofCognitiveProcesses ...88 Self-reinforcementandSelf-control ...89 CentralTheoreticalModeloftheApproach...90 SelectedProsandCons ...91 References ...93 Index ...105 Chapter1 AimsandOutlineoftheBook Theaimofthebookistoprovideanoverviewofthebasictheoriesandtheoretical approaches of today's leadership research. The theories described in this book enhancethetraditionalthinkingoftraitsandstyles. Atthesametime,theysupp- menttheoreticalapproachesfoundintopleadershipjournalsnowadays,butalso offer alternative explanations, and sometimes challenge mainstream leadership research.Asaconsequence,thebookintendstohighlightthediversityoftheore- cal approaches in contemporary leadership research.