Joanna A. Skórzewska has a Ph.D. (2007) in Medieval Nordic History from the University of Oslo. She has published on the cultus of Scandinavian royal saints, female piety and attitude towards children in medieval Iceland.

• Acknowledgements ... ixConventions ... xiAbbreviations ... xiiiIntroduction ... 1Chapter One. The Source Material ... 171.1. Saints’ lives in Iceland ... 181.2. Sagas ... 201.3. Jarteinabók ... 281.4. Annals ... 301.5. Charters ... 331.6. Laws ... 36Chapter Two. The Childhood of a Saint ... 412.1. “[. . .] he had never heard such a child’s voice before” ... 422.2. The role of the family ... 452.3. Upbringing and education ... 57Chapter Three. Adolescence and First Steps Towards a Clerical Career ... 653.1. The first ordination ... 653.2. The second ordination and the events that followed ... 733.3. The death of Torgeirr Brandsson and Gudmundr’s metamorphosis ... 763.4. Participation in the translatio process ... 79Chapter Four. In Vita Miracles; the Means, the Performance and the Criticism ... 834.1. Gudmundr’s priesthood (1185–1203) ... 834.1.1. The use of relics in miracle making ... 834.1.2. The holy water and other means ... 884.1.3. Dealing with the natural and supernatural ... 914.2. In vita miracles in the years of Gudmundr’s episcopacy (1203–37) ... 974.2.1. The significance of consecrated water ... 974.2.2. The bishop as a food provider ... 1004.2.3. New territories and new abilities ... 1024.3. A critical view on the wonders ... 1054.4. Arngrimr Brandsson and his interpretation of miracles ... 108Chapter Five. Gudmundr’s Relationship with Powerful Laymen ... 1115.1. Kolbeinn Tumason ... 1115.2. Sigurdr Ormsson ... 1175.3. Arnorr Tumason ... 1195.4. Torvardr Torgeirsson ... 1225.5. Ogmundr Torvardsson ... 1235.6. Sighvatr Sturluson ... 1255.7. Tordr Sturluson ... 1265.8. Snorri Sturluson ... 1275.9. Hrafn Sveinbjarnarson ... 1285.10. Aron Hjorleifsson ... 130Chapter Six. The Infallible Supporters: Women and Saints ... 1376.1. The Virgin Mary and other saints ... 1376.2. The presence and role of women ... 150Chapter Seven. “The Father of the Poor”? ... 1657.1. “By now he had a large following” ... 1657.1.1. The respectable ... 1657.1.2. “The needy”, “the dependants” and “the poor” ... 1717.1.3. The unpopular ... 1737.2. The resident poor ... 1787.2.1. Relatives ... 1787.2.2. Friends ... 1827.3. The prodigies and the vengeance of the saint ... 1847.3.1. Provision miracles ... 1847.3.2. Rescue miracles ... 1887.4. Severe living conditions and the need for a miracle ... 1907.5. The support for the poorest in documentary material ... 198Chapter Eight. The Death of the Saint and His Posthumous Fame ... 2078.1. Pre-mortem prophecies ... 2088.2. Death and funeral ... 2118.3. The bishops of Holar and their role in the cult ... 2168.3.1. The first exhumation ... 2168.3.2. The translation ... 2238.3.3. Ormr Aslaksson’s initiative ... 2328.3.4. Jon Eiriksson’s vow ... 2348.4. After the translations ... 2398.4.1. Posthumous miracles ... 2398.4.2. The relics in focus ... 2468.4.3. The cult in annals and documentary evidence ... 2518.4.4. The poems ... 262 Conclusion ... 269Appendices ... 279Appendix 1. Offerings listed in miracle stories (GJtb, GB and GD) ... 279Appendix 2. Miracle stories that mention provision of food ... 280Appendix 3. Translatio of Gudmundr’s bones performed by Bishop Audunn Torbergsson as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 4. The cult of the vernacular saints as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 5. Obituaries of ‘holy men’ in the Icelandic annals ... 284Appendix 6. Days honouring the Icelandic holy bishops as recorded in charters ... 286Appendix 7. The geographical distribution of images and sagas of the Icelandic holy bishops ... 288Appendix 8. Episcopal sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 292Map 1. Episcopel sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 293TablesTable 1. Gudmundr’s priestly career till his mother’s death ... 179Table 2. Gudmundr Arason’s family I ... 294Table 3. Gudmundr Arason’s family II ... 295Bibliography ... 297Index ... 307

Joanna A. Skórzewska has a Ph.D. (2007) in Medieval Nordic History from the University of Oslo. She has published on the cultus of Scandinavian royal saints, female piety and attitude towards children in medieval Iceland.

• Acknowledgements ... ixConventions ... xiAbbreviations ... xiiiIntroduction ... 1Chapter One. The Source Material ... 171.1. Saints’ lives in Iceland ... 181.2. Sagas ... 201.3. Jarteinabók ... 281.4. Annals ... 301.5. Charters ... 331.6. Laws ... 36Chapter Two. The Childhood of a Saint ... 412.1. “[. . .] he had never heard such a child’s voice before” ... 422.2. The role of the family ... 452.3. Upbringing and education ... 57Chapter Three. Adolescence and First Steps Towards a Clerical Career ... 653.1. The first ordination ... 653.2. The second ordination and the events that followed ... 733.3. The death of Torgeirr Brandsson and Gudmundr’s metamorphosis ... 763.4. Participation in the translatio process ... 79Chapter Four. In Vita Miracles; the Means, the Performance and the Criticism ... 834.1. Gudmundr’s priesthood (1185–1203) ... 834.1.1. The use of relics in miracle making ... 834.1.2. The holy water and other means ... 884.1.3. Dealing with the natural and supernatural ... 914.2. In vita miracles in the years of Gudmundr’s episcopacy (1203–37) ... 974.2.1. The significance of consecrated water ... 974.2.2. The bishop as a food provider ... 1004.2.3. New territories and new abilities ... 1024.3. A critical view on the wonders ... 1054.4. Arngrimr Brandsson and his interpretation of miracles ... 108Chapter Five. Gudmundr’s Relationship with Powerful Laymen ... 1115.1. Kolbeinn Tumason ... 1115.2. Sigurdr Ormsson ... 1175.3. Arnorr Tumason ... 1195.4. Torvardr Torgeirsson ... 1225.5. Ogmundr Torvardsson ... 1235.6. Sighvatr Sturluson ... 1255.7. Tordr Sturluson ... 1265.8. Snorri Sturluson ... 1275.9. Hrafn Sveinbjarnarson ... 1285.10. Aron Hjorleifsson ... 130Chapter Six. The Infallible Supporters: Women and Saints ... 1376.1. The Virgin Mary and other saints ... 1376.2. The presence and role of women ... 150Chapter Seven. “The Father of the Poor”? ... 1657.1. “By now he had a large following” ... 1657.1.1. The respectable ... 1657.1.2. “The needy”, “the dependants” and “the poor” ... 1717.1.3. The unpopular ... 1737.2. The resident poor ... 1787.2.1. Relatives ... 1787.2.2. Friends ... 1827.3. The prodigies and the vengeance of the saint ... 1847.3.1. Provision miracles ... 1847.3.2. Rescue miracles ... 1887.4. Severe living conditions and the need for a miracle ... 1907.5. The support for the poorest in documentary material ... 198Chapter Eight. The Death of the Saint and His Posthumous Fame ... 2078.1. Pre-mortem prophecies ... 2088.2. Death and funeral ... 2118.3. The bishops of Holar and their role in the cult ... 2168.3.1. The first exhumation ... 2168.3.2. The translation ... 2238.3.3. Ormr Aslaksson’s initiative ... 2328.3.4. Jon Eiriksson’s vow ... 2348.4. After the translations ... 2398.4.1. Posthumous miracles ... 2398.4.2. The relics in focus ... 2468.4.3. The cult in annals and documentary evidence ... 2518.4.4. The poems ... 262 Conclusion ... 269Appendices ... 279Appendix 1. Offerings listed in miracle stories (GJtb, GB and GD) ... 279Appendix 2. Miracle stories that mention provision of food ... 280Appendix 3. Translatio of Gudmundr’s bones performed by Bishop Audunn Torbergsson as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 4. The cult of the vernacular saints as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 5. Obituaries of ‘holy men’ in the Icelandic annals ... 284Appendix 6. Days honouring the Icelandic holy bishops as recorded in charters ... 286Appendix 7. The geographical distribution of images and sagas of the Icelandic holy bishops ... 288Appendix 8. Episcopal sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 292Map 1. Episcopel sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 293TablesTable 1. Gudmundr’s priestly career till his mother’s death ... 179Table 2. Gudmundr Arason’s family I ... 294Table 3. Gudmundr Arason’s family II ... 295Bibliography ... 297Index ... 307

Joanna A. Skórzewska has a Ph.D. (2007) in Medieval Nordic History from the University of Oslo. She has published on the cultus of Scandinavian royal saints, female piety and attitude towards children in medieval Iceland.

• Acknowledgements ... ixConventions ... xiAbbreviations ... xiiiIntroduction ... 1Chapter One. The Source Material ... 171.1. Saints’ lives in Iceland ... 181.2. Sagas ... 201.3. Jarteinabók ... 281.4. Annals ... 301.5. Charters ... 331.6. Laws ... 36Chapter Two. The Childhood of a Saint ... 412.1. “[. . .] he had never heard such a child’s voice before” ... 422.2. The role of the family ... 452.3. Upbringing and education ... 57Chapter Three. Adolescence and First Steps Towards a Clerical Career ... 653.1. The first ordination ... 653.2. The second ordination and the events that followed ... 733.3. The death of Torgeirr Brandsson and Gudmundr’s metamorphosis ... 763.4. Participation in the translatio process ... 79Chapter Four. In Vita Miracles; the Means, the Performance and the Criticism ... 834.1. Gudmundr’s priesthood (1185–1203) ... 834.1.1. The use of relics in miracle making ... 834.1.2. The holy water and other means ... 884.1.3. Dealing with the natural and supernatural ... 914.2. In vita miracles in the years of Gudmundr’s episcopacy (1203–37) ... 974.2.1. The significance of consecrated water ... 974.2.2. The bishop as a food provider ... 1004.2.3. New territories and new abilities ... 1024.3. A critical view on the wonders ... 1054.4. Arngrimr Brandsson and his interpretation of miracles ... 108Chapter Five. Gudmundr’s Relationship with Powerful Laymen ... 1115.1. Kolbeinn Tumason ... 1115.2. Sigurdr Ormsson ... 1175.3. Arnorr Tumason ... 1195.4. Torvardr Torgeirsson ... 1225.5. Ogmundr Torvardsson ... 1235.6. Sighvatr Sturluson ... 1255.7. Tordr Sturluson ... 1265.8. Snorri Sturluson ... 1275.9. Hrafn Sveinbjarnarson ... 1285.10. Aron Hjorleifsson ... 130Chapter Six. The Infallible Supporters: Women and Saints ... 1376.1. The Virgin Mary and other saints ... 1376.2. The presence and role of women ... 150Chapter Seven. “The Father of the Poor”? ... 1657.1. “By now he had a large following” ... 1657.1.1. The respectable ... 1657.1.2. “The needy”, “the dependants” and “the poor” ... 1717.1.3. The unpopular ... 1737.2. The resident poor ... 1787.2.1. Relatives ... 1787.2.2. Friends ... 1827.3. The prodigies and the vengeance of the saint ... 1847.3.1. Provision miracles ... 1847.3.2. Rescue miracles ... 1887.4. Severe living conditions and the need for a miracle ... 1907.5. The support for the poorest in documentary material ... 198Chapter Eight. The Death of the Saint and His Posthumous Fame ... 2078.1. Pre-mortem prophecies ... 2088.2. Death and funeral ... 2118.3. The bishops of Holar and their role in the cult ... 2168.3.1. The first exhumation ... 2168.3.2. The translation ... 2238.3.3. Ormr Aslaksson’s initiative ... 2328.3.4. Jon Eiriksson’s vow ... 2348.4. After the translations ... 2398.4.1. Posthumous miracles ... 2398.4.2. The relics in focus ... 2468.4.3. The cult in annals and documentary evidence ... 2518.4.4. The poems ... 262 Conclusion ... 269Appendices ... 279Appendix 1. Offerings listed in miracle stories (GJtb, GB and GD) ... 279Appendix 2. Miracle stories that mention provision of food ... 280Appendix 3. Translatio of Gudmundr’s bones performed by Bishop Audunn Torbergsson as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 4. The cult of the vernacular saints as recorded in the Icelandic annals ... 282Appendix 5. Obituaries of ‘holy men’ in the Icelandic annals ... 284Appendix 6. Days honouring the Icelandic holy bishops as recorded in charters ... 286Appendix 7. The geographical distribution of images and sagas of the Icelandic holy bishops ... 288Appendix 8. Episcopal sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 292Map 1. Episcopel sees and religious houses in Iceland ... 293TablesTable 1. Gudmundr’s priestly career till his mother’s death ... 179Table 2. Gudmundr Arason’s family I ... 294Table 3. Gudmundr Arason’s family II ... 295Bibliography ... 297Index ... 307