NI Yuping, Ph.D (2003), Peking University, is professor of History Department, Tsinghua University, China. He has published monographs and many articles on China’s financial history.

• Foreword ... ixBozhong LIForeword ... xivMaarten DUIJVENDAKEmperors of the Qing Dynasty ... xviiList of Maps, Figures and Tables ... xviiiList of Abbreviations ... xxiiiList of Chinese Terms ... xxivAbout the Guan (Customs Offfijice) ... xxviIntroduction ... 11 Research Approach ... 51.1 Previous Research ... 51.2 Data Sources ... 72 The System of Customs Duties under the Qing Dynasty ... 112.1 The System of Customs Duties in Traditional China ... 112.2 The Changguan System of the Qing ... 142.3 Policy Adjustments ... 172.4 Rate of Taxation and Surtaxes ... 232.5 Yangguan ... 313 Land Border Customs ... 343.1 Shanhai Guan ... 343.2 Zhangjiakou ... 373.3 Shahukou ... 403.4 Guihuacheng ... 423.5 Dajianlu ... 443.6 Fenghuangcheng Zhongjiang ... 453.7 Fengtian Niuma Shui ... 463.8 Wu Chang and Xun Chang ... 473.9 Chihli Pantaokou ... 493.10 Other Ports ... 503.11 Summary ... 524 Grand Canal and Yangtze River Customs ... 544.1 Chongwenmen ... 544.2 Zuoyi and Youyi ... 564.3 Zuoliangtin ... 614.4 Huai’an Guan ... 624.5 Hushu Guan ... 654.6 Yangzhou Guan ... 674.7 Wuhu Guan ... 694.8 Fengyang Guan ... 714.9 Longjiang Guan and Xixing Guan ... 744.10 Jiujiang Guan ... 784.11 Gan Guan ... 794.12 Beixin Guan and Nanxin Guan ... 824.13 Linqin Guan ... 854.14 Taiping Guan ... 884.15 Wuchang Guan ... 904.16 Jingzhou Guan and Hubei Xinguan ... 924.17 Kui Guan and Yu Guan ... 954.18 Summary ... 985 Coastal Customs ... 1005.1 Tianjin Guan ... 1005.2 Tianjin Haiguan ... 1025.3 Jianghai Guan ... 1035.4 Zhehai Guan ... 1065.5 Minhai Guan ... 1085.6 Yuehai Changguan (after 1861) ... 1105.7 Donghai Guan ... 1115.8 Brief Summary ... 1126 Yangguan ... 1146.1 Yuehai Guan (before 1861) ... 1156.2 Jianghai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1176.3 Zhehai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1186.4 Xiamen and Fuzhou Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1196.5 Yangguan (after 1861) ... 1206.6 Brief Summary ... 1247 Customs Duties and the Economy ... 1287.1 Changguan and Yangguan ... 1287.2 Huguan and Gongguan ... 1387.3 Influence of Population Growth and Inflation ... 1528 Conclusion ... 167Postscript ... 171Appendix A – Customs Revenues Collected at Changguan, 1723–1910 ... 173Appendix B – Customs Revenue Data for Yuhei Guan, 1723–1911 ... 211Appendix C – Customs Revenues Collected at Yangguan, 1844–1910 ... 212References ... 220Index ... 227

NI Yuping, Ph.D (2003), Peking University, is professor of History Department, Tsinghua University, China. He has published monographs and many articles on China’s financial history.

• Foreword ... ixBozhong LIForeword ... xivMaarten DUIJVENDAKEmperors of the Qing Dynasty ... xviiList of Maps, Figures and Tables ... xviiiList of Abbreviations ... xxiiiList of Chinese Terms ... xxivAbout the Guan (Customs Offfijice) ... xxviIntroduction ... 11 Research Approach ... 51.1 Previous Research ... 51.2 Data Sources ... 72 The System of Customs Duties under the Qing Dynasty ... 112.1 The System of Customs Duties in Traditional China ... 112.2 The Changguan System of the Qing ... 142.3 Policy Adjustments ... 172.4 Rate of Taxation and Surtaxes ... 232.5 Yangguan ... 313 Land Border Customs ... 343.1 Shanhai Guan ... 343.2 Zhangjiakou ... 373.3 Shahukou ... 403.4 Guihuacheng ... 423.5 Dajianlu ... 443.6 Fenghuangcheng Zhongjiang ... 453.7 Fengtian Niuma Shui ... 463.8 Wu Chang and Xun Chang ... 473.9 Chihli Pantaokou ... 493.10 Other Ports ... 503.11 Summary ... 524 Grand Canal and Yangtze River Customs ... 544.1 Chongwenmen ... 544.2 Zuoyi and Youyi ... 564.3 Zuoliangtin ... 614.4 Huai’an Guan ... 624.5 Hushu Guan ... 654.6 Yangzhou Guan ... 674.7 Wuhu Guan ... 694.8 Fengyang Guan ... 714.9 Longjiang Guan and Xixing Guan ... 744.10 Jiujiang Guan ... 784.11 Gan Guan ... 794.12 Beixin Guan and Nanxin Guan ... 824.13 Linqin Guan ... 854.14 Taiping Guan ... 884.15 Wuchang Guan ... 904.16 Jingzhou Guan and Hubei Xinguan ... 924.17 Kui Guan and Yu Guan ... 954.18 Summary ... 985 Coastal Customs ... 1005.1 Tianjin Guan ... 1005.2 Tianjin Haiguan ... 1025.3 Jianghai Guan ... 1035.4 Zhehai Guan ... 1065.5 Minhai Guan ... 1085.6 Yuehai Changguan (after 1861) ... 1105.7 Donghai Guan ... 1115.8 Brief Summary ... 1126 Yangguan ... 1146.1 Yuehai Guan (before 1861) ... 1156.2 Jianghai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1176.3 Zhehai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1186.4 Xiamen and Fuzhou Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1196.5 Yangguan (after 1861) ... 1206.6 Brief Summary ... 1247 Customs Duties and the Economy ... 1287.1 Changguan and Yangguan ... 1287.2 Huguan and Gongguan ... 1387.3 Influence of Population Growth and Inflation ... 1528 Conclusion ... 167Postscript ... 171Appendix A – Customs Revenues Collected at Changguan, 1723–1910 ... 173Appendix B – Customs Revenue Data for Yuhei Guan, 1723–1911 ... 211Appendix C – Customs Revenues Collected at Yangguan, 1844–1910 ... 212References ... 220Index ... 227

NI Yuping, Ph.D (2003), Peking University, is professor of History Department, Tsinghua University, China. He has published monographs and many articles on China’s financial history.

• Foreword ... ixBozhong LIForeword ... xivMaarten DUIJVENDAKEmperors of the Qing Dynasty ... xviiList of Maps, Figures and Tables ... xviiiList of Abbreviations ... xxiiiList of Chinese Terms ... xxivAbout the Guan (Customs Offfijice) ... xxviIntroduction ... 11 Research Approach ... 51.1 Previous Research ... 51.2 Data Sources ... 72 The System of Customs Duties under the Qing Dynasty ... 112.1 The System of Customs Duties in Traditional China ... 112.2 The Changguan System of the Qing ... 142.3 Policy Adjustments ... 172.4 Rate of Taxation and Surtaxes ... 232.5 Yangguan ... 313 Land Border Customs ... 343.1 Shanhai Guan ... 343.2 Zhangjiakou ... 373.3 Shahukou ... 403.4 Guihuacheng ... 423.5 Dajianlu ... 443.6 Fenghuangcheng Zhongjiang ... 453.7 Fengtian Niuma Shui ... 463.8 Wu Chang and Xun Chang ... 473.9 Chihli Pantaokou ... 493.10 Other Ports ... 503.11 Summary ... 524 Grand Canal and Yangtze River Customs ... 544.1 Chongwenmen ... 544.2 Zuoyi and Youyi ... 564.3 Zuoliangtin ... 614.4 Huai’an Guan ... 624.5 Hushu Guan ... 654.6 Yangzhou Guan ... 674.7 Wuhu Guan ... 694.8 Fengyang Guan ... 714.9 Longjiang Guan and Xixing Guan ... 744.10 Jiujiang Guan ... 784.11 Gan Guan ... 794.12 Beixin Guan and Nanxin Guan ... 824.13 Linqin Guan ... 854.14 Taiping Guan ... 884.15 Wuchang Guan ... 904.16 Jingzhou Guan and Hubei Xinguan ... 924.17 Kui Guan and Yu Guan ... 954.18 Summary ... 985 Coastal Customs ... 1005.1 Tianjin Guan ... 1005.2 Tianjin Haiguan ... 1025.3 Jianghai Guan ... 1035.4 Zhehai Guan ... 1065.5 Minhai Guan ... 1085.6 Yuehai Changguan (after 1861) ... 1105.7 Donghai Guan ... 1115.8 Brief Summary ... 1126 Yangguan ... 1146.1 Yuehai Guan (before 1861) ... 1156.2 Jianghai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1176.3 Zhehai Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1186.4 Xiamen and Fuzhou Yangguan (1844–1861) ... 1196.5 Yangguan (after 1861) ... 1206.6 Brief Summary ... 1247 Customs Duties and the Economy ... 1287.1 Changguan and Yangguan ... 1287.2 Huguan and Gongguan ... 1387.3 Influence of Population Growth and Inflation ... 1528 Conclusion ... 167Postscript ... 171Appendix A – Customs Revenues Collected at Changguan, 1723–1910 ... 173Appendix B – Customs Revenue Data for Yuhei Guan, 1723–1911 ... 211Appendix C – Customs Revenues Collected at Yangguan, 1844–1910 ... 212References ... 220Index ... 227