Christina L. Truong, PhD (2024), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, is a documentary linguist whose work has focused on the Austronesian languages of Asia and the Pacific. Her research explores linguistic diversity and typology, verbal constructions, and language change.

• AcknowledgmentsList of Figures and MapsList of TablesAbbreviations1 Introduction11 What are Applicatives?12 Why Study Applicatives in Languages of West Nusantara?13 Background and Sources of Data14 Scope of the Study15 Previous Research on Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages16 Framework and Assumptions17 Content and Structure2 Case Study: Sundanese Applicatives21 The Sundanese Language and Community22 Basic Morphosyntax23 Overview of Applicative Morphology24 Locative-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑an25 Theme- and Instrument-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑keun26 Beneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with pang‑ ‑keun27 Beneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑keun28 Other Applicative Constructions29 Other AM-marked Constructions210 Summary and Discussion3 Towards a Typologically-grounded, Constructional Approach to Applicatives31 What are Applicatives?32 Problematic Constructions and Their Significance33 Constructional Approaches as a Lens for West Nusantara Applicative Systems34 On the Problem of Philippine-type Voice in a Study of Applicatives35 On the Relationship between Serial Verb Constructions and Applicatives36 West Nusantara Applicatives in Typological Perspective4 The Distribution of Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages: A Bird’s Eye View41 Establishing the Basic Distribution42 Properties Considered in the Survey43 Overview of Results and Multivariable Analysis44 Detailed Results for Structural Properties45 Location and Genetic Affiliation46 Summary and Implications5 Interpreting Distributional Patterns through Geographic Typology51 Sumatra and the Barrier Islands52 Java and Madura53 The Lesser Sundas54 Mainland Southeast Asia and Peninsular Malaysia55 Borneo and the Southern Philippines56 Sulawesi57 Summary of Major Findings6 Properties of Applicative Constructions and their Distribution in West Nusantara61 Distribution of Function and Form62 Properties of ACs and AMs Considered in the Survey63 Forms Marking Pivot-selecting Constructions64 Forms Marking Pivot-neutral Constructions65 Polyfunctionality of West Nusantara Applicative Morphemes66 Comparative and Other Degree Constructions67 Syntactic Properties of Applicative Constructions68 Summary of Findings and Implications7 A Functional Typology of Applicative Constructions in Languages of West Nusantara71 Introduction72 Sampling of Languages73 Basic Morphosyntax74 Applicative Morphology75 Beneficiaries and Recipients76 Instruments and Themes77 Goals and locations78 Circumstantial and Comitative Roles79 Other Applied Phrases710 Aspect, Intensity and Other Semantic Effects711 Causative AM-marked Constructions712 Applicatives and Voice713 Summary of Findings8 ConclusionAppendix 1: Language Sample for Typological SurveyAppendix 2: Questionnaires Used in the Typological SurveyAppendix 3: Database for Typological SurveyReferencesIndex

Christina L. Truong, PhD (2024), University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, is a documentary linguist whose work has focused on the Austronesian languages of Asia and the Pacific. Her research explores linguistic diversity and typology, verbal constructions, and language change.

• AcknowledgmentsList of Figures and MapsList of TablesAbbreviations1 Introduction11 What are Applicatives?12 Why Study Applicatives in Languages of West Nusantara?13 Background and Sources of Data14 Scope of the Study15 Previous Research on Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages16 Framework and Assumptions17 Content and Structure2 Case Study: Sundanese Applicatives21 The Sundanese Language and Community22 Basic Morphosyntax23 Overview of Applicative Morphology24 Locative-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑an25 Theme- and Instrument-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑keun26 Beneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with pang‑ ‑keun27 Beneficiary-selecting Constructions Marked with ‑keun28 Other Applicative Constructions29 Other AM-marked Constructions210 Summary and Discussion3 Towards a Typologically-grounded, Constructional Approach to Applicatives31 What are Applicatives?32 Problematic Constructions and Their Significance33 Constructional Approaches as a Lens for West Nusantara Applicative Systems34 On the Problem of Philippine-type Voice in a Study of Applicatives35 On the Relationship between Serial Verb Constructions and Applicatives36 West Nusantara Applicatives in Typological Perspective4 The Distribution of Applicatives in West Nusantara Languages: A Bird’s Eye View41 Establishing the Basic Distribution42 Properties Considered in the Survey43 Overview of Results and Multivariable Analysis44 Detailed Results for Structural Properties45 Location and Genetic Affiliation46 Summary and Implications5 Interpreting Distributional Patterns through Geographic Typology51 Sumatra and the Barrier Islands52 Java and Madura53 The Lesser Sundas54 Mainland Southeast Asia and Peninsular Malaysia55 Borneo and the Southern Philippines56 Sulawesi57 Summary of Major Findings6 Properties of Applicative Constructions and their Distribution in West Nusantara61 Distribution of Function and Form62 Properties of ACs and AMs Considered in the Survey63 Forms Marking Pivot-selecting Constructions64 Forms Marking Pivot-neutral Constructions65 Polyfunctionality of West Nusantara Applicative Morphemes66 Comparative and Other Degree Constructions67 Syntactic Properties of Applicative Constructions68 Summary of Findings and Implications7 A Functional Typology of Applicative Constructions in Languages of West Nusantara71 Introduction72 Sampling of Languages73 Basic Morphosyntax74 Applicative Morphology75 Beneficiaries and Recipients76 Instruments and Themes77 Goals and locations78 Circumstantial and Comitative Roles79 Other Applied Phrases710 Aspect, Intensity and Other Semantic Effects711 Causative AM-marked Constructions712 Applicatives and Voice713 Summary of Findings8 ConclusionAppendix 1: Language Sample for Typological SurveyAppendix 2: Questionnaires Used in the Typological SurveyAppendix 3: Database for Typological SurveyReferencesIndex