Carolyn Wolf-Gould is the founder of the Gender Wellness Center, a rural-based interdisciplinary center for transgender healthcare, clinical training, advocacy, and research in upstate New York. Dallas Denny is a retired licensed psychological examiner, advocate, writer, and editor. She has been actively leading the movement for transgender rights since the 1980s. Her books include Current Concepts in Transgender Identity. Jamison Green is an author, educator, public speaker, independent scholar, and consulting expert in transgender health and legal rights. A former president of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, he is the author of Becoming a Visible Man, now in its second edition. Kyan Lynch is Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Rochester Medical Center.

"The interdisciplinary approach will appeal to a broad swath of scholars, from historians and those interested in gender and sexuality studies to clinicians. Each chapter is a stand-alone piece that could be used in classes at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The writing is jargon-free and thus accessible to a wide audience outside of academia." — H-Net Reviews (H-Sci-Med-Tech)"…a riveting and comprehensive look at the history of gender-affirming medical care." — Windy City Times"We are reminded of just how tenuous the progress laid out beautifully in this well-researched book remains. What's needed is empathy for those engaged in gender journeys … A History of Transgender Medicine in the United States gives us the story of how we have come to this moment in the struggle for trans rights and empowers the reader to do what the clinicians of the last century tried to do: listen to, see, understand, and ultimately aid those who are asking only to be allowed to be themselves." — The Provincetown Independent"At a time when anti-trans haters are getting a large part of the public to believe that gender-affirming healthcare is new and experimental, this volume provides a much-needed corrective. While there have been books on trans history and books on gender-affirming medical care, there has not been a book that combines the two. Bringing them together in one volume makes this a really valuable resource." — Genny Beemyn, editor of Trans People in Higher Education"A pleasure to read from start to finish, this volume includes several essays that are sure to become classics and essential reading in the field of transgender health. Chapter after chapter offers the reader interesting history, useful information, and absorbing firsthand accounts of trans medicine." — Katherine Rachlin, clinical psychologist

• AcknowledgmentsIntroductionCarolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Kyan LynchSection I. The International Roots of Transgender Medicine 1. Precolonial Gender Identities and the International Roots of Transitional PracticesSerena Nanda2. The Rise of Sexology in EuropeClayton J. Whisnant2a. Transgender Pioneer: Le Chevaliére d'Eon (1728–1810)Clayton J. Whisnant3. Hirschfeld, Benjamin, and KinseyAnnette Timm and Jamison Green3a. Transgender Pioneer: Lili Elbe (1882–1931)Carolyn Wolf-Gould3b. Transgender Pioneer: Otto Spengler (1873–Unknown)Christopher Wolf-Gould3c. Establishing North American Cultural Norms: Early Transgender Colonists and Americans (1600–1930s)Carolyn Wolf-Gould4. International Pioneers of Trans-Specific CareAlexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4a. Transgender Pioneers: Michael Dillon, M.A., M.B.B.Ch. (1915–1962) and Roberta Cowell, B.Sc. (1918–2011)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4b. Transgender Pioneers: Coccinelle (1931–2006), April Ashley (1935–), and Jan Morris, MA (1926–2020)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando5. Two-Spirit Health in North AmericaTrudie Jackson5a. Transgender Pioneer: Ashliana HaweluAshliana HaweluSection II. From the Margins 6. The Beginnings of Trans-Affirming Care in the United StatesTj Gundling6a. Construction of the "Good" Transsexual and Those Who Did Not Fit the BillCarolyn Wolf-Gould7. Trans Circles of Knowledge and IntimacyAnnette F. Timm and Jamison Green7a. Transgender Pioneer: Louise Lawrence (1912–1976): Unsung Mother of the Trans CommunityMs. Bob Davis and Jules Gill-Peterson7b. Transgender Pioneer: Virginia Prince, Ph.D. (1912–2009)Dallas Denny7c. Transgender Pioneer: A Curbside Encounter with Dr. Harry BenjaminSharon Stuart7d. Transgender Pioneer: Louis Sullivan (1951–1991): Changing the Paradigm About Sex and GenderJamison Green8. Early Trans-Focused Psychology and Psychiatry in the United States: 1910–1990Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Hansel Arroyo8a. Transgender Pioneer: Joseph Israel Lobdell (1829–1912)Bambi Lobdell8b. Transgender Pioneer: David O. Cauldwell, MD (1897–1959)Carolyn Wolf-Gould8c. The Religious Response to Medical InterventionsCarolyn Wolf-Gould9. The Costs of MedicalizationKyan Lynch, Carolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, and Jennifer LeeSection III. Encounters with the Mainstream 10. Legitimizing Trans: Reed Erickson, B.Sc. (1917–1992) and the Erickson Educational FoundationAaron Devor11. Blinded by the Binary: Gender Clinics in the United States in the Mid-Twentieth CenturyDallas Denny12. Trans Rights as Civil RightsCarolyn Wolf-Gould12a. Transgender Pioneer: Marsha P. Johnson (1945–1992)Amanda Yijun Wang12b. Transgender Pioneer: Silvia Rivera (1951–2002): "The Rosa Parks of the Modern Transgender Movement"Teri Wilhelm and Carolyn Wolf-Gould12c. Transgender Pioneer: Dallas Denny (1949–)Kenneth Hubbell12d. Transgender Pioneer: Jamison Green (1948–)Teri Wilhelm13. The Evolution of Professional Organizations and Standards of Care: An Insider's PerspectiveJamison Green14. The Biological Underpinnings of Gender IdentityCarolyn Wolf-Gould and Joshua D. Safer14a. Eugen Steinach (1861–1944) and his Clinical TrialsCarolyn Wolf-Gould14b. "Born This Way" Data: Biological Validation or Cultural Oppression?Carolyn Wolf-Gould15. Developing Meaningful Transgender Health Research: A Journey Towards Social JusticeGeorge R. Brown and Carolyn Wolf-Gould15a. By Us and For Us: Bringing Ethics into Transgender Health ResearchNoah Adams, Ruth Pearce, Jaimie Veale, Asa Radix, Amrita Sarkar, and Danielle Castro15b. Transgender Veterans and the Veterans Health AdministrationJillian ShipherdSection IV. Establishing the Interdisciplinary Field of Transgender Health Within the Medical Mainstream 16.The Evolution of Hormonal Care in the United StatesAsa Radix, Zil Goldstein, and Alexander B. Harris16a. Transgender Pioneer: Jeanne Hoff, MD (1938–)Noah Adams16b. Transgender Pioneer: JoAnne Keatley, M.S.W. (1951–)Teri Wilhelm16c. Transgender Pioneer: Admiral Rachel Leland Levine, M.D. (1957–)Dallas Denny17. Changing the Body to Match the Mind: The Development of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United StatesCarolyn Wolf-Gould17a. Transgender Pioneer: Alan Hart, MD (1890–1962)Carolyn Wolf-Gould17b. Transgender Pioneer: Elmer Belt, MD (1893–1980)Amy Block17c. Transgender Pioneer: Christine McGinn, D.O. (1969–)Yongha Kim18. The Treatment of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children and AdolescentsDiane Ehrensaft18a. The Pediatric Gender Management Service and Gender Surgery Center at Boston Children's HospitalDavid A. Diamond18b. Adolescent Medical CareTresne Hernandez and Katherine Blumoff Greenberg19. The History of Voice Modification TherapiesJack Pickering and Terren Lansdaal19a. Transgender Pioneer: Musings from a Trans Speech and Language PathologistTerren Lansdaal20. Hair TroublesDallas Denny and Yuki AraiSection V. The Future 21. The Future of Transgender Health in the United StatesKyan LynchNotesIndex

Carolyn Wolf-Gould is the founder of the Gender Wellness Center, a rural-based interdisciplinary center for transgender healthcare, clinical training, advocacy, and research in upstate New York. Dallas Denny is a retired licensed psychological examiner, advocate, writer, and editor. She has been actively leading the movement for transgender rights since the 1980s. Her books include Current Concepts in Transgender Identity. Jamison Green is an author, educator, public speaker, independent scholar, and consulting expert in transgender health and legal rights. A former president of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, he is the author of Becoming a Visible Man, now in its second edition. Kyan Lynch is Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Rochester Medical Center.

"The interdisciplinary approach will appeal to a broad swath of scholars, from historians and those interested in gender and sexuality studies to clinicians. Each chapter is a stand-alone piece that could be used in classes at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The writing is jargon-free and thus accessible to a wide audience outside of academia." — H-Net Reviews (H-Sci-Med-Tech)"…a riveting and comprehensive look at the history of gender-affirming medical care." — Windy City Times"We are reminded of just how tenuous the progress laid out beautifully in this well-researched book remains. What's needed is empathy for those engaged in gender journeys … A History of Transgender Medicine in the United States gives us the story of how we have come to this moment in the struggle for trans rights and empowers the reader to do what the clinicians of the last century tried to do: listen to, see, understand, and ultimately aid those who are asking only to be allowed to be themselves." — The Provincetown Independent"At a time when anti-trans haters are getting a large part of the public to believe that gender-affirming healthcare is new and experimental, this volume provides a much-needed corrective. While there have been books on trans history and books on gender-affirming medical care, there has not been a book that combines the two. Bringing them together in one volume makes this a really valuable resource." — Genny Beemyn, editor of Trans People in Higher Education"A pleasure to read from start to finish, this volume includes several essays that are sure to become classics and essential reading in the field of transgender health. Chapter after chapter offers the reader interesting history, useful information, and absorbing firsthand accounts of trans medicine." — Katherine Rachlin, clinical psychologist

• AcknowledgmentsIntroductionCarolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Kyan LynchSection I. The International Roots of Transgender Medicine 1. Precolonial Gender Identities and the International Roots of Transitional PracticesSerena Nanda2. The Rise of Sexology in EuropeClayton J. Whisnant2a. Transgender Pioneer: Le Chevaliére d'Eon (1728–1810)Clayton J. Whisnant3. Hirschfeld, Benjamin, and KinseyAnnette Timm and Jamison Green3a. Transgender Pioneer: Lili Elbe (1882–1931)Carolyn Wolf-Gould3b. Transgender Pioneer: Otto Spengler (1873–Unknown)Christopher Wolf-Gould3c. Establishing North American Cultural Norms: Early Transgender Colonists and Americans (1600–1930s)Carolyn Wolf-Gould4. International Pioneers of Trans-Specific CareAlexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4a. Transgender Pioneers: Michael Dillon, M.A., M.B.B.Ch. (1915–1962) and Roberta Cowell, B.Sc. (1918–2011)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4b. Transgender Pioneers: Coccinelle (1931–2006), April Ashley (1935–), and Jan Morris, MA (1926–2020)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando5. Two-Spirit Health in North AmericaTrudie Jackson5a. Transgender Pioneer: Ashliana HaweluAshliana HaweluSection II. From the Margins 6. The Beginnings of Trans-Affirming Care in the United StatesTj Gundling6a. Construction of the "Good" Transsexual and Those Who Did Not Fit the BillCarolyn Wolf-Gould7. Trans Circles of Knowledge and IntimacyAnnette F. Timm and Jamison Green7a. Transgender Pioneer: Louise Lawrence (1912–1976): Unsung Mother of the Trans CommunityMs. Bob Davis and Jules Gill-Peterson7b. Transgender Pioneer: Virginia Prince, Ph.D. (1912–2009)Dallas Denny7c. Transgender Pioneer: A Curbside Encounter with Dr. Harry BenjaminSharon Stuart7d. Transgender Pioneer: Louis Sullivan (1951–1991): Changing the Paradigm About Sex and GenderJamison Green8. Early Trans-Focused Psychology and Psychiatry in the United States: 1910–1990Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Hansel Arroyo8a. Transgender Pioneer: Joseph Israel Lobdell (1829–1912)Bambi Lobdell8b. Transgender Pioneer: David O. Cauldwell, MD (1897–1959)Carolyn Wolf-Gould8c. The Religious Response to Medical InterventionsCarolyn Wolf-Gould9. The Costs of MedicalizationKyan Lynch, Carolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, and Jennifer LeeSection III. Encounters with the Mainstream 10. Legitimizing Trans: Reed Erickson, B.Sc. (1917–1992) and the Erickson Educational FoundationAaron Devor11. Blinded by the Binary: Gender Clinics in the United States in the Mid-Twentieth CenturyDallas Denny12. Trans Rights as Civil RightsCarolyn Wolf-Gould12a. Transgender Pioneer: Marsha P. Johnson (1945–1992)Amanda Yijun Wang12b. Transgender Pioneer: Silvia Rivera (1951–2002): "The Rosa Parks of the Modern Transgender Movement"Teri Wilhelm and Carolyn Wolf-Gould12c. Transgender Pioneer: Dallas Denny (1949–)Kenneth Hubbell12d. Transgender Pioneer: Jamison Green (1948–)Teri Wilhelm13. The Evolution of Professional Organizations and Standards of Care: An Insider's PerspectiveJamison Green14. The Biological Underpinnings of Gender IdentityCarolyn Wolf-Gould and Joshua D. Safer14a. Eugen Steinach (1861–1944) and his Clinical TrialsCarolyn Wolf-Gould14b. "Born This Way" Data: Biological Validation or Cultural Oppression?Carolyn Wolf-Gould15. Developing Meaningful Transgender Health Research: A Journey Towards Social JusticeGeorge R. Brown and Carolyn Wolf-Gould15a. By Us and For Us: Bringing Ethics into Transgender Health ResearchNoah Adams, Ruth Pearce, Jaimie Veale, Asa Radix, Amrita Sarkar, and Danielle Castro15b. Transgender Veterans and the Veterans Health AdministrationJillian ShipherdSection IV. Establishing the Interdisciplinary Field of Transgender Health Within the Medical Mainstream 16.The Evolution of Hormonal Care in the United StatesAsa Radix, Zil Goldstein, and Alexander B. Harris16a. Transgender Pioneer: Jeanne Hoff, MD (1938–)Noah Adams16b. Transgender Pioneer: JoAnne Keatley, M.S.W. (1951–)Teri Wilhelm16c. Transgender Pioneer: Admiral Rachel Leland Levine, M.D. (1957–)Dallas Denny17. Changing the Body to Match the Mind: The Development of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United StatesCarolyn Wolf-Gould17a. Transgender Pioneer: Alan Hart, MD (1890–1962)Carolyn Wolf-Gould17b. Transgender Pioneer: Elmer Belt, MD (1893–1980)Amy Block17c. Transgender Pioneer: Christine McGinn, D.O. (1969–)Yongha Kim18. The Treatment of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children and AdolescentsDiane Ehrensaft18a. The Pediatric Gender Management Service and Gender Surgery Center at Boston Children's HospitalDavid A. Diamond18b. Adolescent Medical CareTresne Hernandez and Katherine Blumoff Greenberg19. The History of Voice Modification TherapiesJack Pickering and Terren Lansdaal19a. Transgender Pioneer: Musings from a Trans Speech and Language PathologistTerren Lansdaal20. Hair TroublesDallas Denny and Yuki AraiSection V. The Future 21. The Future of Transgender Health in the United StatesKyan LynchNotesIndex

Carolyn Wolf-Gould is the founder of the Gender Wellness Center, a rural-based interdisciplinary center for transgender healthcare, clinical training, advocacy, and research in upstate New York. Dallas Denny is a retired licensed psychological examiner, advocate, writer, and editor. She has been actively leading the movement for transgender rights since the 1980s. Her books include Current Concepts in Transgender Identity. Jamison Green is an author, educator, public speaker, independent scholar, and consulting expert in transgender health and legal rights. A former president of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health, he is the author of Becoming a Visible Man, now in its second edition. Kyan Lynch is Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Rochester Medical Center.

"The interdisciplinary approach will appeal to a broad swath of scholars, from historians and those interested in gender and sexuality studies to clinicians. Each chapter is a stand-alone piece that could be used in classes at both the undergraduate and graduate level. The writing is jargon-free and thus accessible to a wide audience outside of academia." — H-Net Reviews (H-Sci-Med-Tech)"…a riveting and comprehensive look at the history of gender-affirming medical care." — Windy City Times"We are reminded of just how tenuous the progress laid out beautifully in this well-researched book remains. What's needed is empathy for those engaged in gender journeys … A History of Transgender Medicine in the United States gives us the story of how we have come to this moment in the struggle for trans rights and empowers the reader to do what the clinicians of the last century tried to do: listen to, see, understand, and ultimately aid those who are asking only to be allowed to be themselves." — The Provincetown Independent"At a time when anti-trans haters are getting a large part of the public to believe that gender-affirming healthcare is new and experimental, this volume provides a much-needed corrective. While there have been books on trans history and books on gender-affirming medical care, there has not been a book that combines the two. Bringing them together in one volume makes this a really valuable resource." — Genny Beemyn, editor of Trans People in Higher Education"A pleasure to read from start to finish, this volume includes several essays that are sure to become classics and essential reading in the field of transgender health. Chapter after chapter offers the reader interesting history, useful information, and absorbing firsthand accounts of trans medicine." — Katherine Rachlin, clinical psychologist

• AcknowledgmentsIntroductionCarolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Kyan LynchSection I. The International Roots of Transgender Medicine 1. Precolonial Gender Identities and the International Roots of Transitional PracticesSerena Nanda2. The Rise of Sexology in EuropeClayton J. Whisnant2a. Transgender Pioneer: Le Chevaliére d'Eon (1728–1810)Clayton J. Whisnant3. Hirschfeld, Benjamin, and KinseyAnnette Timm and Jamison Green3a. Transgender Pioneer: Lili Elbe (1882–1931)Carolyn Wolf-Gould3b. Transgender Pioneer: Otto Spengler (1873–Unknown)Christopher Wolf-Gould3c. Establishing North American Cultural Norms: Early Transgender Colonists and Americans (1600–1930s)Carolyn Wolf-Gould4. International Pioneers of Trans-Specific CareAlexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4a. Transgender Pioneers: Michael Dillon, M.A., M.B.B.Ch. (1915–1962) and Roberta Cowell, B.Sc. (1918–2011)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando4b. Transgender Pioneers: Coccinelle (1931–2006), April Ashley (1935–), and Jan Morris, MA (1926–2020)Alexander Boscia and Cecile A. Ferrando5. Two-Spirit Health in North AmericaTrudie Jackson5a. Transgender Pioneer: Ashliana HaweluAshliana HaweluSection II. From the Margins 6. The Beginnings of Trans-Affirming Care in the United StatesTj Gundling6a. Construction of the "Good" Transsexual and Those Who Did Not Fit the BillCarolyn Wolf-Gould7. Trans Circles of Knowledge and IntimacyAnnette F. Timm and Jamison Green7a. Transgender Pioneer: Louise Lawrence (1912–1976): Unsung Mother of the Trans CommunityMs. Bob Davis and Jules Gill-Peterson7b. Transgender Pioneer: Virginia Prince, Ph.D. (1912–2009)Dallas Denny7c. Transgender Pioneer: A Curbside Encounter with Dr. Harry BenjaminSharon Stuart7d. Transgender Pioneer: Louis Sullivan (1951–1991): Changing the Paradigm About Sex and GenderJamison Green8. Early Trans-Focused Psychology and Psychiatry in the United States: 1910–1990Dallas Denny, Jamison Green, and Hansel Arroyo8a. Transgender Pioneer: Joseph Israel Lobdell (1829–1912)Bambi Lobdell8b. Transgender Pioneer: David O. Cauldwell, MD (1897–1959)Carolyn Wolf-Gould8c. The Religious Response to Medical InterventionsCarolyn Wolf-Gould9. The Costs of MedicalizationKyan Lynch, Carolyn Wolf-Gould, Dallas Denny, and Jennifer LeeSection III. Encounters with the Mainstream 10. Legitimizing Trans: Reed Erickson, B.Sc. (1917–1992) and the Erickson Educational FoundationAaron Devor11. Blinded by the Binary: Gender Clinics in the United States in the Mid-Twentieth CenturyDallas Denny12. Trans Rights as Civil RightsCarolyn Wolf-Gould12a. Transgender Pioneer: Marsha P. Johnson (1945–1992)Amanda Yijun Wang12b. Transgender Pioneer: Silvia Rivera (1951–2002): "The Rosa Parks of the Modern Transgender Movement"Teri Wilhelm and Carolyn Wolf-Gould12c. Transgender Pioneer: Dallas Denny (1949–)Kenneth Hubbell12d. Transgender Pioneer: Jamison Green (1948–)Teri Wilhelm13. The Evolution of Professional Organizations and Standards of Care: An Insider's PerspectiveJamison Green14. The Biological Underpinnings of Gender IdentityCarolyn Wolf-Gould and Joshua D. Safer14a. Eugen Steinach (1861–1944) and his Clinical TrialsCarolyn Wolf-Gould14b. "Born This Way" Data: Biological Validation or Cultural Oppression?Carolyn Wolf-Gould15. Developing Meaningful Transgender Health Research: A Journey Towards Social JusticeGeorge R. Brown and Carolyn Wolf-Gould15a. By Us and For Us: Bringing Ethics into Transgender Health ResearchNoah Adams, Ruth Pearce, Jaimie Veale, Asa Radix, Amrita Sarkar, and Danielle Castro15b. Transgender Veterans and the Veterans Health AdministrationJillian ShipherdSection IV. Establishing the Interdisciplinary Field of Transgender Health Within the Medical Mainstream 16.The Evolution of Hormonal Care in the United StatesAsa Radix, Zil Goldstein, and Alexander B. Harris16a. Transgender Pioneer: Jeanne Hoff, MD (1938–)Noah Adams16b. Transgender Pioneer: JoAnne Keatley, M.S.W. (1951–)Teri Wilhelm16c. Transgender Pioneer: Admiral Rachel Leland Levine, M.D. (1957–)Dallas Denny17. Changing the Body to Match the Mind: The Development of Gender-Affirming Surgery in the United StatesCarolyn Wolf-Gould17a. Transgender Pioneer: Alan Hart, MD (1890–1962)Carolyn Wolf-Gould17b. Transgender Pioneer: Elmer Belt, MD (1893–1980)Amy Block17c. Transgender Pioneer: Christine McGinn, D.O. (1969–)Yongha Kim18. The Treatment of Transgender and Gender Diverse Children and AdolescentsDiane Ehrensaft18a. The Pediatric Gender Management Service and Gender Surgery Center at Boston Children's HospitalDavid A. Diamond18b. Adolescent Medical CareTresne Hernandez and Katherine Blumoff Greenberg19. The History of Voice Modification TherapiesJack Pickering and Terren Lansdaal19a. Transgender Pioneer: Musings from a Trans Speech and Language PathologistTerren Lansdaal20. Hair TroublesDallas Denny and Yuki AraiSection V. The Future 21. The Future of Transgender Health in the United StatesKyan LynchNotesIndex