This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors'' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors'' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors'' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors'' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research ofsixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation.Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research ofsixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation.Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research of sixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation. Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The scope and application of the rules of civil jurisdiction is of immense practical importance in the conduct of transnational tort cases.Frequently such rules can dictate whether the plaintiff has an effective remedy or not and the shape of the ensuing litigation. The incidence of transborder harms is on the increase. Transboundary pollution (for example, fall-out from Chernobyl, the determination of proper forum for litigation of the Bhopal dispute); the rise in complex international fraud (Guiness, Ferranti, BCCI); the increase in scope for product liability and intellectual property litigation in international commerce; and transnational personal injury cases arising from the increased flow of persons across national borders. These practical problems give rise to difficult legal issues, which existing domestic rules of jurisdiction may be ill-equipped to resolve, and in this timely collection of original articles a leading team of contributors assess existing legal provisions and examine the prospects for reform.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

The Institute of International Law''s 2019 Resolution on the Equality of Parties before International Investment Tribunals represents a major step forward in codification of this essential principle as it applies to investor-state dispute settlement: a principle whose application in this context has attracted increasing controversy in recent years. In this commentary, Campbell McLachlan, who served as the Institute''s Rapporteur on the topic, explains the context for the Resolution and sets forth an article-by-article analysis of its provisions, drawing upon a wealth of prior case-law as well as the discussions within the Institute that led to the Resolution. The resulting text is designed to assist counsel and tribunals in investment cases, as well as contribute to the wider debate on the reform of investor-state dispute settlement.

The Institute of International Law''s 2019 Resolution on the Equality of Parties before International Investment Tribunals represents a major step forward in codification of this essential principle as it applies to investor-state dispute settlement: a principle whose application in this context has attracted increasing controversy in recent years. In this commentary, Campbell McLachlan, who served as the Institute''s Rapporteur on the topic, explains the context for the Resolution and sets forth an article-by-article analysis of its provisions, drawing upon a wealth of prior case-law as well as the discussions within the Institute that led to the Resolution. The resulting text is designed to assist counsel and tribunals in investment cases, as well as contribute to the wider debate on the reform of investor-state dispute settlement.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors'' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors'' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors'' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors'' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research ofsixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation.Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research ofsixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation.Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The practice of international litigation has been transformed in recent decades. Central to the development of international litigation as a field has been the remarkable career of Lord Collins: scholar, practitioner, judge and arbitrator. In this collection in his honour, inspired by Collinss own late 20th Century classic Essays in International Litigation and the Conflict of Laws (OUP 1994), Jonathan Harris and Campbell McLachlan present the research of sixteen jurists of international renown. They offer a fresh appraisal of key developments across the field: from climate litigation to offshore trusts, the impact of Brexit and the new tools for international judicial cooperation. Organised into five parts, the book offers a set of unique insights into the conduct of cross-border litigation; the judicial role in international cases; the shape of English private international law; the conduct of international arbitration; and the interface with public international law. As a whole, the book offers the opportunity to reflect on the deeper purposes of international litigation in the pursuit of comity.

The scope and application of the rules of civil jurisdiction is of immense practical importance in the conduct of transnational tort cases.Frequently such rules can dictate whether the plaintiff has an effective remedy or not and the shape of the ensuing litigation. The incidence of transborder harms is on the increase. Transboundary pollution (for example, fall-out from Chernobyl, the determination of proper forum for litigation of the Bhopal dispute); the rise in complex international fraud (Guiness, Ferranti, BCCI); the increase in scope for product liability and intellectual property litigation in international commerce; and transnational personal injury cases arising from the increased flow of persons across national borders. These practical problems give rise to difficult legal issues, which existing domestic rules of jurisdiction may be ill-equipped to resolve, and in this timely collection of original articles a leading team of contributors assess existing legal provisions and examine the prospects for reform.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

This is the long-awaited second edition of this widely-referenced work on the substantive law principles of investment treaty arbitration. It forms a detailed critical review of the substantive principles of international law applied by investment arbitration tribunals, and a clear and comprehensive description of the present state of the law. The first edition met with immediate success as a result of the authors' achievement in describing and analysing the volume of law created, applied and analysed by tribunals. The second edition is fully updated to take account of the arbitration awards rendered in the period since 2007. Written by an internationally recognised author team, it is now the most comprehensive and up to date work in its field and no practitioner or academic can afford to be without it.Key areas of coverage include: the instruments under which investment disputes arise; the legal basis of treaty arbitration; dispute resolution and parallel proceedings; who is a foreign investor, including nationality issues and foreign control; what is an investment; investors' substantive rights, including fair and equitable treatment; expropriation; compensation and remedies. Arbitration of overseas investment disputes is one of the fastest growing areas of international dispute resolution. The exponential growth of international investment in recent years has led to the signature of over two thousand Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) between foreign states, in addition to a wealth of multilateral treaties and other forms of concession agreements. The legal principles that have developed in this area are subject to intense debate, and are still in a state of flux. While tribunals routinely state that they are applying principles of public international law to determine disputes, many of the principles applied have only been developed recently in the context of investment treaty arbitrations, and tribunals are often guided more by the approaches taken by other tribunals, than by pre-existing doctrines of public international law. International Investment Arbitration:Substantive Principles is an important contribution to the collection and codification of the current state of practice in this field.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

The Institute of International Law''s 2019 Resolution on the Equality of Parties before International Investment Tribunals represents a major step forward in codification of this essential principle as it applies to investor-state dispute settlement: a principle whose application in this context has attracted increasing controversy in recent years. In this commentary, Campbell McLachlan, who served as the Institute''s Rapporteur on the topic, explains the context for the Resolution and sets forth an article-by-article analysis of its provisions, drawing upon a wealth of prior case-law as well as the discussions within the Institute that led to the Resolution. The resulting text is designed to assist counsel and tribunals in investment cases, as well as contribute to the wider debate on the reform of investor-state dispute settlement.

The Institute of International Law''s 2019 Resolution on the Equality of Parties before International Investment Tribunals represents a major step forward in codification of this essential principle as it applies to investor-state dispute settlement: a principle whose application in this context has attracted increasing controversy in recent years. In this commentary, Campbell McLachlan, who served as the Institute''s Rapporteur on the topic, explains the context for the Resolution and sets forth an article-by-article analysis of its provisions, drawing upon a wealth of prior case-law as well as the discussions within the Institute that led to the Resolution. The resulting text is designed to assist counsel and tribunals in investment cases, as well as contribute to the wider debate on the reform of investor-state dispute settlement.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.

What legal principles govern the external exercise of the public power of states within common law legal systems? Foreign Relations Law tackles three fundamental issues: the distribution of the foreign relations power between the organs of government; the impact of the foreign relations power on individual rights; and the treatment of the foreign state within the municipal legal system. Focusing on the four Anglo-Commonwealth states (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and New Zealand), McLachlan examines the interaction between public international law and national law and demonstrates that the prime function of foreign relations law is not to exclude foreign affairs from legal regulation, but to allocate jurisdiction and determine applicable law in cases involving the external exercise of the public power of states: between the organs of the state; amongst the national legal systems of different states; and between the national and the international legal systems.