European Conference of Ministers of Transport – författare

With maintenance costs accounting for a large proportion of road budgets, this report assesses the economic and technical feasibility of innovative wearing courses for long life road pavements. While having higher initial costs, such wearing courses have the potential to dramatically reduce recurrent road maintenance requirements and user costs and could also reduce overall costs significantly, under circumstances outlined in the report.

Les couts d'entretien representant une part importante des budgets routiers, ce rapport evalue la faisabilite economique et technique de couches de roulement innovantes pour des chaussees a longue duree de vie. Meme avec des couts initiaux plus eleves, ces couches de roulement pourraient contribuer a reduire considerablement les couts d'entretien recurrents et les couts pour l'usager, ainsi que les depenses globales, sous certaines conditions exposees dans ce rapport.

Now that railway infrastructure and train operations have been separated in Europe -- at least for accounting purposes -- user charges for infrastructure are progressively being introduced to cover the costs of running trains. However, because of the lack of experience in this field, it is difficult to set the amount and choose the most appropriate form for these charges. There are in fact major differences between countries, and the objectives are many and sometimes conflicting. Given this situation, the Round Table sought to highlight, through its introductory reports and discussions, some essential economic principles that can help to shed light on what a rational system of user charges for railway infrastructure might be and thereby make it possible to address a crucial aspect of railway reform in Europe. Special attention is paid to the German, French, British and Swedish experience.

This book records the trends in road accident statistics for the period 1993 and 1994 in ECMT Member countries, five associate Member countries (Australia, Canada, Japan, the Russian Federation and the United States) and one observer country (Morocco). It provides data on the trends from 1980 to 1994 in these countries, individually and as a whole, in numbers of motor vehicles, accidents causing casualties, and in numbers killed and casualties (killed and injured). It also highlights a number of factors to be taken into account in any analysis of road accidents and provides a dynamic assessment of the reality on our roads.

This annual information bulletin presents a survey of research in hand on the social and economic aspects of transport in over 400 specialised agencies which are mainly European (West and East) but in some cases American, Canadian or Australian. This annual survey enables specialists to ensure greater co-ordination of their work and provides the public with a means of monitoring general trends in transport policy.

This Annual Information Bulletin presents a survey of research in hand on the social and economic aspects of transport in over 400 specialised agencies which are mainly European (West and East) but in some cases American, Canadian or Australian. This annual survey enables specialists to ensure greater co-ordination of their work and provides the public with a means of monitoring general trends in transport policy.

The Annual Information Bulletin is produced by the ECMT Documentation Centre. It presents a survey of research in hand on the social and economic aspects of transport in over 400 specialised agencies which are mainly European (West and East) but in some cases American, Canadian or Australian. This annual survey enables specialists to ensure greater co-ordination of their work and provides the public with a means of monitoring general trends in transport policy.

Do roads induce mobility? This might sound like a strange question, yet it only stands to reason that building new roads -- or other infrastructure -- may actually encourage people to use the new additional capacity to travel more. Induced mobility is a hotly debated issue, but the experts are no longer in any doubt that it is a very real phenomenon. However, measuring it is another matter, since we do not have sufficient data or experience in this area. This Round Table presents the data that is available to date on infrastructure-induced mobility. From the introductory reports and discussions, it is clear that much progress has been made in the last few years. As recently as ten years ago, many experts would have disputed the very existence of the induced mobility phenomenon. Today a consensus is emerging: Round Table 105 gives the full report.

After the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the previous economic system, the countries of central and eastern Europe went into a deep economic recession, resulting in a decline in Gross Domestic Product that was mirrored by a serious downturn in the transport sector. The transport sector, like the economy in general, changed from a supply-based system to one driven by demand. Decisions were no longer imposed by central planners, but by the market. Round Table 106 set out to assess the state of the transport sector in central and eastern European countries after a period of five to six years of reform. Are the policies currently in place adequate to meet restructuring needs? All of the countries concerned are planning to join the European Union and with that in mind tend to organise their transport sector along the lines of the Community's model of competition. But is this model consistent with the attitudes and realities of former socialist countries? These are some of the issues addressed by the Round Table 106.

This publication gives the latest statistics on the situation of the transport market in Europe and presents charts which help show what changes have occurred between 1970 and 1997. Because it is published earlier than any other comparable study, this book provides the reader with first-hand figures about transport trends. It presents an analysis of the transport situation in Western and Eastern European countries, as well as the Baltic States and the CIS.

This publication reviews investment trends in transport infrastructure in Europe from 1985 to 1995. It provides data relative to roads, railways, urban railways, inland waterways, oil pipelines, ports and airports of ECMT Member countries. Investments linked to multimodal/combined transport infrastructure are examined in depth. Information is also given on maintenance expenditure in transport infrastructure. For the first time, readers will find data on infrastructure expenditure for Central and Eastern European countries. ECMT countries: Albania, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (F.Y.R.O.M.), Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine and the United Kingdom.

The main goal of this Seminar was to understand the relationship between transport economics research and policymaking. In Europe, there is an extremely wide range of research approaches (a single government agency or several organisations, a national research programme or one-off contracts, etc.). What do these approaches have in common and what is the ideal research structure? With regard to researchers and research sponsors, monopolies should be avoided. Links between researchers and policymakers need to be as direct as possible. And it is also important that research findings be presented by communication specialists and disseminated very early on, before the final stages of research. Drawing on the presentation and analysis of national experiences, the Seminar spawned numerous recommendations that can help to define a national research policy, and suggested ways in which researchers and policymakers can organise the relationship between economic research and policymaking in the transport sector.

The aim of every politician is to transform the city into an environmentally sustainable entity. However, while the planning and organisation of passenger services within cities is commonly perceived as a major issue, freight transport is not given the full attention it deserves. As a general rule, the role which freight transport plays in the economy of cities is simply not understood. What invariably attracts attention, on the other hand, is the added pollution and congestion caused by freight transport. Europe has recently produced a host of new urban development schemes which place more or less severe restrictions on freight movements in cities. While some cities have introduced measures in line with the town planning objectives of territorial development plans, others have adopted short-term solutions to traffic management problems. Since we know that cities are living entities whose vital processes can be disrupted, how can we be sure that all of these measures are a step in the right direction? Our lack of experience makes this a question we would be well advised to consider. The Round Table reviewed the various aspects of freight transport by examining experiences in different countries and by discussing some of the more innovatory approaches adopted.

Despite the fact that the freight transport market in Europe almost doubled in volume over the period 1970 to 1995, growth in the inland waterway sector has remained stagnant. Until now the waterways have primarily been used to transport goods produced by sectors that have been hard hit by industrial restructuring. However, the past does not necessarily hold the key to the future. Waterways can be readily incorporated into logistics chains in which regular supply streams and low transport costs are more important than speed. The transportation of hazardous materials and container transport also offer promising markets. The Round Table identified a number of policy measures which could help to promote development in the inland waterways sector (discontinuation of scrapping policies, support for the grouping of enterprises and the creation of co-operatives, incentives for private-sector investment). Reading the proceedings of this Round Table offers an opportunity to look at the inland waterways in a wholly new light which shows that there is a genuine future for this mode provided that operators are prepared to become entrepreneurs.

The problems caused by road congestion are frequently reported in the media and finding a solution to congestion ranks high on the agenda of politicians. Countless studies have been published detailing the number of working hours lost in traffic jams. The figures quoted in these studies are alarming and paint an apocalyptic picture of road congestion. However, besides the everyday congestion faced by motorists, differences of opinion are now starting to appear with regard to the scale of the problem and the ways in which it should be tackled. This Round Table attempted to define congestion and to determine the scale of the problem. It addressed the trends in congestion and the consequences of those trends. The Round Table then considered possible solutions to the congestion problem. Considering the extent of this problem in the European context, the Round Table report sheds light on one of the most visible malfunctions of transport systems.

This publication describes the activities of the European Conference of Ministers of Transport during 1998 and sets out the Resolutions and Reports approved by the Council of Ministers of Transport during that year. The organisation chart of the Conference is also given at the end of this volume.

Pollution from transport is being cut substantially through exhaust emissions regulations and vehicle manufacturers' investments in cleaner technologies. The benefits of these improvements, however, are delayed as car fleet renewal takes a decade on average in Europe. Car scrappage schemes can be used to accelerate the uptake of new, cleaner vehicles. This publication analyses the effectiveness of these programmes in protecting the environment and reviews the schemes introduced to date in Europe and North America. Three complementary issues are addressed to help make pragmatic recommendations:- What are the effects of scrapping schemes on the car market and the national economy?- What are the effects of these programmes on the environment?- And can scrappage schemes be useful in former socialist countries?

Will the next century see the private sector become more involved in decisions regarding the construction and funding of infrastructure? Which technologies will dominate the transport market? Where will new markets emerge? Will transport still have a social role to play? What safeguards will there be for the environment? Will there still be a role even for the authorities? The list of the questions that transport will pose in the next century is certainly both long and diverse, reflecting as it does the problems now confronting the sector. The aim of the 14th Symposium was to take an initial look at what the future might hold by means of 13 introductory reports -- drafted by rapporteurs from 11 different countries -- and a debate between leading experts in the transport field. This publication goes over the introductory reports and faithfully reflects the substance of the Symposium discussions. By considering the shape of things to come, this review defines the challenges awaiting all those concerned with transport and the solutions open to them.

Between 1997 and 1999 the ECMT issued three reports and three resolutions on safety in road traffic for vulnerable users, namely cyclists, pedestrians and users of two-wheeled motorised vehicles (mopeds and motorcycles). These studies form part of a wider area of review which, in addition to road safety itself, takes into account the demographic trend in ECMT countries - population ageing - and the highly topical issues of mobility, land use planning, the environment and public health. The measures recommended (whether general or specific to each user category) show that much remains to be done to ensure the safety of vulnerable users. The aim is not to promote a single model, but to develop strategies tailored to the specific features of each country. This publication should enable all concerned to take stock of the different approaches developed in ECMT countries and to find guidance in examples of "e;good practice"e;.

The integration of European inland transport markets is a topical issue that has generated a great deal of activity in recent years. The integration of transport markets is a fundamental condition for the development of trade relations and economic activity.This book is an essential tool for all transport professionals. It looks at the most recent transport and investment trends. It then examines the pan-European process of legal harmonisation and adjustment of transport systems and analyses emerging trade and transport links between Europe and Asia. Obstacles at border crossings for international road and rail goods transport are also dealt with along with ways of combating crime in transport. Lastly, the topical issue of public-private partnerships in transport infrastructure financing is tackled and conclusions are presented.

This publication gives the latest statistics on the situation of the transport market in Europe and presents charts which help show what changes have occurred between 1970 and 1998. Because it is published earlier than any other comparable study, this report provides the reader with first-hand figures about transport trends. It presents an analysis of the transport situation in Western and Eastern European countries, as well as the Baltic States and the CIS.

A large number of people with mobility handicaps have difficulty using transport systems and this number will increase significantly over the coming decades. It is therefore essential that transport infrastructure and systems are designed and built to cater for their needs. This publication sets out key principles and guidelines for making all transport modes and related infrastructure more accessible. In addition, it provides examples and illustrations of good practice from many different countries. It is intended to help policy makers, planners, architects, and others working in this field, improve accessibility for people with mobility handicaps.

Leisure-related transport is a poorly known and widely underestimated phenomenon. And yet, it generates more traffic than journey-to-work travel. Indeed, the great number of leisure activities that involve transport range from shopping, visiting family or friends and sporting activities to local and international tourism. This book sets out to describe and analyse leisure-related transport in terms of flow size, points of concentration, modes of transport, temporal trends and structural changes. It then examines the consequences that growth in leisure activities could have for transport policy: integrating local and long-distance transport, increasing the use of environmentally-friendly means of transport, promoting local recreational trips or improving the living environment. This may be seen as a genuine opportunity for policymakers: in responding to the challenge posed by leisure-related transport they can indeed respond to the challenges posed by any kind of transport.

Advances in medicine make the ageing of populations in developed countries inevitable. These populations, however, will exhibit new and different characteristics, particularly in the transport sector as, unlike previous generations, they will have made widespread use of the car. How will they meet their travel needs in the future? Until now rail transport, unlike car or bus transport, has been losing its elderly clientele. Can this trend be reversed? For the frail elderly, whose needs are similar to those of the disabled, suitable services have yet to be set up. How can the mobility needs of the frail elderly, whose population is destined to grow, be met in the future? The dispersal of residential areas and the concentration of businesses and shops in large malls on the outskirts of cities will also pose serious problems as the population starts to age. Road safety, too, could suffer the adverse effects of declining driving skills among the elderly. The mobility of ageing populations undoubtedly has many implications that can no longer be ignored. Round Table 112 reviews the experiences of various countries and makes a number of recommendations for policy-makers who wish to adopt a comprehensive approach to this issue.

This conference proceedings defines transport benchmarking, analyzes its usefulness to policy makers and discusses what lessons can be drawn at the national and international level for policy makers. The first part examines the different methodological aspects raised by benchmarking methods. The conference clarified the multiple concepts included in this type of mechanism and identified different practices which range from the simple statistical tool to a genuine policy lever. The second part describes several concrete examples of benchmarking applications in the transport sector. These examples relate in particular to topics such as road safety, rail transport, the environment, public and urban transport, seaports and air cargo, etc. Each chapter of this publication may be read independently. A fundamental message, common to all the examples presented, emerges: it is essential to improve the quality of statistics in order to ensure more reliable transport benchmarking results.

Environmental impact assessments are an essential component of making decisions on transport infrastructure investments. Traditional procedures have proved ineffective for impacts that go beyond the scope of projects in isolation. Strategic environmental assessment has emerged in response, to address large scale effects including impacts on traffic across networks, impacts on climate change and biodiversity and the impacts of policy decisions as opposed simply to individual projects. This report examines recent experience in developing environmental assessment internationally and makes recommendations on maximising the effectiveness of this new tool.

This report reviews vehicle emissions standards in Europe, Japan and the United States, providing the reader with valuable comparisons. It also examines incentives for sulphur free fuels - which can contribute to reducing both conventional air emissions and carbon dioxide. It describes emissions control technologies and the impact of emissions on health and the environment and assesses the adequacy of emissions limits for new passenger cars and heavy duty diesel engines.

Cette publication fournit les statistiques les plus recentes sur la situation du marche des transports en Europe et s'efforce de mettre en evidence, notamment a l'aide de graphiques, les evolutions intervenues au cours de la periode 1970-1996. Cette etude offre au lecteur la primeur des tendances de l'evolution des transports car sa parution precede celle de tous les autres ouvrages comparables. Elle presente a la fois une analyse de la situation des transports dans les pays de l'Europe de l'Ouest et une etude specifique de l'evolution recente des transports dans les pays en transition.

Les routes creent-elles de la mobilite ? Une telle question est a priori surprenante. Pourtant, le fait que la presence de nouvelles routes -- ou infrastructures -- puisse inciter les usagers a les emprunter et, partant, a etre plus mobiles, n'a rien de surprenant. Si la question continue de faire l'objet de debats animes, aucun expert ne doute plus de l'existence d'un phenomene de mobilite induite. En revanche, il s'avere difficile de mesurer ce phenomene, faute de donnees et d'experiences adequates. Cette Table Ronde rassemble precisement les informations disponibles a ce jour sur la mobilite induite par de nouvelles infrastructures. A partir de rapports introductifs et des debats de la Table Ronde, on peut mesurer les progres accomplis en quelques annees. En effet, il y a dix ans a peine, le phenomene de la mobilite induite aurait ete nie par beaucoup de specialistes. Aujourd'hui, un consensus emerge, cette Table Ronde permet de le decouvrir.