Wolters Kluwer B.V. Juridische Boeken en Tijdschriften – förlag

General While there is an abundance of literature dealing with the American antitrust laws, one can also observe that the application of this area of the law to foreign commerce is still in an evolutionary stage of development. To some extent this can be quantiflably explained by pointing out that the rapid rise of the interests of the American business community in foreign commerce is only a fairly recent 1 phenomenon. This participatory interest reveals a wide spectrum of commercial activities. While the traditional concept of foreign commerce was often limited to thinking in terms of exports and imports, present commercial activities include also such marketing methods as the establishment of foreign branches or subsidiaries, or 2 the location of manufacturing, processing, or assembly plants abroad. To this array of arrangements, most of which contemplate a widening of the market potential, we may add the current merger movement, the conglomerate charac­ ter of which has been termed its 'most unique characteristic,. 3 Little wonder that at least one author refers to the application of the 311titrust laws to foreign commerce as being still somewhat of a 'frontier area of the law'. 4 Because of the rapidly expanding participation of the American business community in interna­ tional commerce a gradual evolution of the international dimensions of the American antitrust laws seems therefore within the realm of justifIed expecta­ tions.

La traduction fran\(aise du livre I du nouveau Code civil neerlandais, relatif au droit des personnes et de la famille, a ete redigee par MM. Louis F. Ganshof et Charles Petit it la demande du Ministre de la Justice des Pays-Bas. ElIe ne peut cependant pas etre consideree comme une traduction officielIe; son but essentiel a ete de mettre ce nouveau texte it la disposition de ceux qui, tout en n'ayant pas une connaissance suffisante de la langue neerlandaise, veu- lent s'informer du droit en vigueur aux Pays-Bas, que ce soit it l'occasion de litiges d'ordre judiciaire ou d'etudes de droit compare. Le texte neerlandais du livre I a ete arrete par les lois des I I decembre 1 1958, Stb. 590 et 591, et 3 avril 1969, Stb. 167. Le livre I est entre en vigueur Ie ler janvier 1970, et a ete modifie par les lois des 24 decembre 1970, Stb. 612, 31 mars 1971, Stb. 397, 6 mai 1971, Stb. 290 et 17 fevrier 1972, Stb. 85. La loi du 6 mai 197 I, modifiant les regles en matiere de divorce et de separation de corps, est d'une importance particuliere. La presente traduction est celIe du texte en vigueur it la date du 30 juin 1972. Ministere de la Justice Section du nouveau Code civil.1 Staatsblad: Journal officiel. IX TITRE 1 DISPOSITIONS GENERALES Article I. I. Tous ceux qui se trouvent aux Pays-Bas sont libres et capables de jouir des droits civils.

Didactically, a textbook of criminology should start at the beginning. The learning process, also an emotional process, begins in criminology with the concepts, views, emotions, attitudes and ideas we have regarding crime and criminals. Exploration of these underlying factors is one of the aims of the present book. We can free our thinking only by being aware of the significance of our own feelings and thoughts about a phenomenon like crime. 'That is the basic problem confronting us. In scien­ tific thinking implicit postulates as to the sensus communis, unless recognized and 1 neutralized, grow into idols.' The fight against crime is one example of such an idol. Crimes and criminals exist only by virtue of reactions to certain forms of be­ havior. For this reason this book will begin by examining the reactions of society to crime. Criminology is primarily a science of others than offenders. In this sense I invert criminology. The history of criminology is not so much a history of offenders, 2 as a history of the reactions of those in power.

Where rights are conferred and duties imposed, where powers are exercised and obedience to rules of law required, judicial remedies are an absolute necessity. This statement was valid in 1969 when the first edition of this book appeared, it is even more so now. Though the political dynamism of the Communities has slackened, the number and effect of their legal rules is still growing. Practising lawyers need to be familiar with the possibilities for legal redress when rules of Community law are violated. But interest in the judicial remedies available in the European Communities is not confined to them alone. Many of the legal problems of the European Communities are problems which any supranational organization will encounter. Any student of international institutional law will benefit from a study of the judicial remedies available in the European Communities. Furthermore, the subject forms a fascinating branch of comparative law. Many of the solutions adopted in the European Communities can be regarded as resulting from a long development of administrative law.

Ratemaking in international air transport is a matter of vital importance for airlines, consumers and Governments. For airlines, because the level of international air fares and rates forms one of the bases of their profit-making ability. For consumers, because that level determines whether they can afford the use of international air transport. For Governments, because they, as the guardians of the interests of both the airlines and the consumers, have the task to strike a just balance between those interests. International air fares and rates are of two kinds: scheduled and non-scheduled. The International Air Transport Association (lATA), the trade association of the world's scheduled international airlines, determines, under Governmental supervision and control, uniform fares and rates for scheduled international air services. These services account for approximately seventy-five percent of total international air traffic. The remaining twenty-five percent consists of non­ scheduled, or charter international air services. International charter air fares and rates are by and large set by the free forces of the marketplace, and compete with scheduled international (lATA) air fares and rates. This book studies both scheduled and charter international air fares and rates. It examines the role of airlines, airline asso­ ciations and Governments in the international ratemaking process. Furthermore, it analyses the competitive relationship between charter and scheduled international air fares and rates.