Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology

About our authors ERIC J. SIMON is a professor in the Department of Biology and Health Science at New England College (Henniker, New Hampshire). He teaches introductory biology to science majors and nonscience majors, as well as upper-level courses in tropical marine biology and careers in science. Dr. Simon received a B.A. in biology and computer science, an M.A. in biology from Wesleyan University, and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from Harvard University. His research focuses on innovative ways to use technology to increase active learning in the science classroom, particularly for nonscience majors. Dr. Simon is also the author of the introductory biology textbook Biology: The Core, 2nd Edition, and a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 9th Edition.JEAN L. DICKEY is Professor Emerita of Biological Sciences at Clemson University (Clemson, South Carolina). After receiving her B.S. in biology from Kent State University, she went on to earn a Ph.D. in ecology and evolution from Purdue University. In 1984, Dr. Dickey joined the faculty at Clemson, where she devoted her career to teaching biology to nonscience majors in a variety of courses. In addition to creating content-based instructional materials, she developed many activities to engage lecture and laboratory students in discussion, critical thinking, and writing, and implemented an investigative laboratory curriculum in general biology. Dr. Dickey is the author of Laboratory Investigations for Biology, 2nd Edition, and is a coauthor of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, 9th Edition.JANE B. REECE was Neil Campbells longtime collaborator and a founding author of Campbell Essential Biology and Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology. Her education includes an A.B. in biology from Harvard University (where she was initially a philosophy major), an M.S. in microbiology from Rutgers University, and a Ph.D. in bacteriology from the University of California, Berkeley. At UC Berkeley, and later as a postdoctoral fellow in genetics at Stanford University, her research focused on genetic recombination in bacteria. Dr. Reece taught biology at Middlesex County College (New Jersey) and Queensborough Community College (New York). Dr. Reeces publishing career began in 1978 when she joined the editorial staff of Benjamin Cummings, and since then, she played a major role in a number of successful textbooks. She was the lead author of Campbell Biology Editions 8-10 and a founding author of Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections.NEIL A. CAMPBELL (1946-2004) combined the inquiring nature of a research scientist with the soul of a caring teacher. Over his 30 years of teaching introductory biology to both science majors and nonscience majors, many thousands of students had the opportunity to learn from him and be stimulated by his enthusiasm for the study of life. He is greatly missed by his many friends in the biology community. His coauthors remain inspired by his visionary dedication to education and are committed to searching for ever better ways to engage students in the wonders of biology.

• Campbell Essential Biology is available in 2 versions: Essential Biology with Physiology contains Chapters 1-29Essential Biology contains Chapters 1-20 Learning About LifeCHAPTER THREADSwimming with the TurtlesBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Passion for LifeThe Scientific Study of LifeAn Overview of the Process of ScienceHypotheses, Theories, and FactsControlled ExperimentsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Baby Turtles Swim?Evaluating Scientific ClaimsThe Properties of LifeMajor Themes in BiologyThe Relationship of Structure to FunctionInformation FlowPathways That Transform Energy and MatterInteractions within Biological SystemsEvolutionEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Turtles in the Tree of Life UNIT 1: CELLS Essential Chemistry for BiologyCHAPTER THREADHelpful RadiationBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Nuclear MedicineSome Basic ChemistryMatter: Elements and CompoundsAtomsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Effective Is Radiation in Treating Prostate Cancer?Chemical Bonding and MoleculesChemical ReactionsWater and LifeWaterAcids, Bases, and pHEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Radioactivity as an Evolutionary Clock The Molecules of LifeCHAPTER THREADLactose IntoleranceBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Got Lactose?Organic CompoundsCarbon ChemistryGiant Molecules from Smaller Building BlocksLarge Biological MoleculesCarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic AcidsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Lactose Intolerance Have a Genetic Basis?EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Lactose Intolerance in Humans A Tour of the CellCHAPTER THREADHumans Versus BacteriaBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Antibiotics: Drugs That Target Bacterial CellsThe Microscopic World of CellsThe Two Major Categories of CellsAn Overview of Eukaryotic CellsMembrane StructureThe Plasma MembraneCell SurfacesTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Was the First 21st-Century Antibiotic Discovered?The Nucleus and Ribosomes: Genetic Control of the CellThe NucleusRibosomesHow DNA Directs Protein ProductionThe Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Distributing Cellular ProductsThe Endoplasmic ReticulumThe Golgi ApparatusLysosomesVacuolesChloroplasts and Mitochondria: Providing Cellular EnergyChloroplastsMitochondriaThe Cytoskeleton: Cell Shape and MovementMaintaining Cell ShapeFlagella and CiliaEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Bacterial Resistance in Humans The Working CellCHAPTER THREADNanotechnologyBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Harnessing Cellular StructuresSome Basic Energy ConceptsConservation of EnergyHeatChemical EnergyFood CaloriesATP and Cellular WorkThe Structure of ATPPhosphate TransferThe ATP CycleEnzymesActivation EnergyTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Enzymes Be Engineered?Enzyme ActivityEnzyme InhibitorsMembrane FunctionPassive Transport: Diffusion across MembranesOsmosis and Water BalanceActive Transport: The Pumping of Molecules across MembranesExocytosis and Endocytosis: Traffic of Large MoleculesEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Origin of Membranes Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from FoodCHAPTER THREADExercise ScienceBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Getting the Most Out of Your MusclesEnergy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the BiosphereProducers and ConsumersChemical Cycling between Photosynthesis and Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food EnergyAn Overview of Cellular RespirationThe Three Stages of Cellular RespirationThe Results of Cellular RespirationFermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food EnergyFermentation in Human Muscle CellsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Causes Muscle Burn?Fermentation in MicroorganismsEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Importance of Oxygen Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make FoodCHAPTER THREADSolar EnergyBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: A Solar RevolutionThe Basics of PhotosynthesisChloroplasts: Sites of PhotosynthesisAn Overview of PhotosynthesisThe Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical EnergyThe Nature of SunlightTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Colors of Light Drive PhotosynthesisChloroplast PigmentsHow Photosystems Harvest Light EnergyHow the Light Reactions Generate ATP and NADPHThe Calvin Cycle: Making Sugar from Carbon DioxideEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Creating a Better Biofuel Factory UNIT 2: GENETICS Cellular Reproduction: Cells from CellsCHAPTER THREADLife with and without SexBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Virgin Birth of a SharkWhat Cell Reproduction AccomplishesThe Cell Cycle and MitosisEukaryotic ChromosomesThe Cell CycleMitosis and CytokinesisCancer Cells: Dividing Out of ControlMeiosis, the Basis of Sexual ReproductionHomologous ChromosomesGametes and the Life Cycle of a Sexual OrganismThe Process of MeiosisReview: Comparing Mitosis and MeiosisThe Origins of Genetic VariationTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do All Animals Have Sex?When Meiosis Goes WrongEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Advantages of Sex Patterns of InheritanceCHAPTER THREADDog BreedingBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Darwin's DogsGenetics and HeredityIn an Abbey GardenMendel's Law of SegregationMendel's Law of Independent AssortmentUsing a Testcross to Determine an Unknown GenotypeThe Rules of ProbabilityFamily PedigreesHuman Traits Controlled by a Single GeneTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Is the Genetic Basis of Short Legs in Dogs?Variations on Mendel's LawsIncomplete Dominance in Plants and PeopleABO Blood Groups: An Example of Multiple Alleles and CodominancePleiotropy and Sickle-Cell DiseasePolygenic InheritanceEpigenetics and the Role of EnvironmentThe Chromosomal Basis of InheritanceLinked GenesSex Determination in HumansSex-Linked GenesEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Barking Up the Evolutionary Tree The Structure and Function of DNACHAPTER THREADDeadly VirusesBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Global Threat of Zika VirusDNA: Structure and ReplicationDNA and RNA StructureWatson and Crick's Discovery of the Double HelixDNA ReplicationFrom DNA to RNA to ProteinHow an Organism's Genotype Determines Its PhenotypeFrom Nucleotides to Amino Acids: An OverviewThe Genetic CodeTranscription: From DNA to RNAThe Processing of Eukaryotic RNATranslation: The PlayersTranslation: The ProcessReview: DNA S RNA S ProteinMutationsViruses and Other Noncellular Infectious AgentsBacteriophagesPlant VirusesAnimal VirusesTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can DNA and RNA Vaccines Protect Against Viruses?HIV, the AIDS VirusPrionsEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Emerging Viruses How Genes Are ControlledCHAPTER THREADCancerBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Breast Cancer and ChemotherapyHow and Why Genes Are RegulatedGene Regulation in BacteriaGene Regulation in Eukaryotic CellsCell SignalingHomeotic GenesVisualizing Gene ExpressionCloning Plants and AnimalsThe Genetic Potential of CellsReproductive Cloning of AnimalsTherapeutic Cloning and Stem CellsThe Genetic Basis of CancerGenes That Cause CancerTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Avatars Improve Cancer Treatment?Cancer Risk and PreventionEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Evolution of Cancer in the Body DNA TechnologyCHAPTER THREADDNA ProfilingBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Using DNA to Establish Guilt and InnocenceGenetic EngineeringRecombinant DNA TechniquesGene EditingMedical ApplicationsGenetically Modified Organisms in AgricultureHuman Gene TherapyDNA Profiling and Forensic ScienceDNA Profiling TechniquesInvestigating Murder, Paternity, and Ancient DNABioinformaticsDNA SequencingGenomicsGenome-Mapping TechniquesThe Human GenomeTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Nic Have a Deadly Gene?Applied GenomicsSystems BiologySafety and Ethical IssuesThe Controversy over Genetically Modified FoodsEthical Questions Raised by Human DNA TechnologiesEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Y Chromosome as a Window on History UNIT 3: EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY How Populations EvolveCHAPTER THREADEvolution in ActionBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Mosquitoes and EvolutionThe Diversity of LifeNaming and Classifying the Diversity of LifeExplaining the Diversity of LifeCharles Darwin and The Origin of SpeciesDarwin's JourneyDarwin's TheoryEvidence of EvolutionEvidence from FossilsEvidence from HomologiesEvolutionary TreesNatural Selection as the Mechanism for EvolutionNatural Selection in ActionKey Points about Natural SelectionThe Evolution of PopulationsSources of Genetic VariationPopulations as the Units of EvolutionAnalyzing Gene PoolsPopulation Genetics and Health ScienceMicroevolution as Change in a Gene PoolMechanisms of EvolutionNatural SelectionGenetic DriftGene FlowNatural Selection: A Closer LookTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Did Natural Selection Shape the Beaks of Darwin's Finches?EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Rising Threat of Antibiotic Resistance How Biological Diversity EvolvesCHAPTER THREADEvolution in the Human-Dominated WorldBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Humanity's FootprintThe Origin of SpeciesWhat Is a Species?Reproductive Barriers between SpeciesMechanisms of SpeciationTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do Human Activities Facilitate Speciation?Earth History and MacroevolutionThe Fossil RecordPlate Tectonics and BiogeographyMass Extinctions and Explosive Diversifications of LifeMechanisms of MacroevolutionLarge Effects from Small Genetic ChangesThe Evolution of Biological NoveltyClassifying the Diversity of LifeClassification and PhylogenyClassification: A Work in ProgressEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution in the Anthropocene The Evolution of Microbial LifeCHAPTER THREADHuman MicrobiotaBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Our Invisible InhabitantsMajor Episodes in the History of LifeThe Origin of LifeA Four-Stage Hypothesis for the Origin of LifeFrom Chemical Evolution to Darwinian EvolutionProkaryotesThey're Everywhere!The Structure and Function of ProkaryotesThe Ecological Impact of ProkaryotesThe Two Main Branches of Prokaryotic Evolution: Bacteria and ArchaeaTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Intestinal Microbiota to Blame for Obesity?ProtistsProtozoansSlime MoldsUnicellular and Colonial AlgaeSeaweedsEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Sweet Life of Streptococcus mutans The Evolution of Plants and FungiCHAPTER THREADPlant-Fungus InteractionsBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Diamond of the KitchenColonizing LandTerrestrial Adaptations of PlantsPlant DiversityHighlights of Plant EvolutionBryophytesFernsGymnospermsAngiospermsPlant Diversity as a Nonrenewable ResourceFungiCharacteristics of Fungi=THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Killed the Pines?The Ecological Impact of FungiCommercial Uses of FungiEVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Pioneering Partnership The Evolution of AnimalsCHAPTER THREADHuman EvolutionBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Evolving AdaptabilityThe Origins of Animal DiversityWhat Is an Animal?Early Animals and the Cambrian ExplosionAnimal PhylogenyMajor Invertebrate PhylaSpongesCnidariansMolluscsFlatwormsAnnelidsRoundwormsArthropodsEchinodermsVertebrate Evolution and DiversityCharacteristics of ChordatesFishesAmphibiansReptilesMammalsThe Human AncestryThe Evolution of PrimatesThe Emergence of HumankindTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Can Lice Tell Us About Ancient HumansEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Are We Still Evolving? UNIT 4: ECOLOGY An Introduction to Ecology and the BiosphereCHAPTER THREADClimate ChangeBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Penguins, Polar Bears, and People in PerilAn Overview of EcologyEcology and EnvironmentalismA Hierarchy of InteractionsLiving in Earth's Diverse EnvironmentsAbiotic Factors of the BiosphereThe Evolutionary Adaptations of OrganismsAdjusting to Environmental VariabilityBiomesFreshwater BiomesMarine BiomesHow Climate Affects Terrestrial Biome DistributionTerrestrial BiomesThe Water CycleHuman Impact on BiomesClimate ChangeThe Greenhouse Effect and Global WarmingThe Accumulation of Greenhouse GasesEffects of Climate Change on EcosystemsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does Climate Change Affect Species Distribution?Looking to Our FutureEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Climate Change as an Agent of Natural Selection Population EcologyCHAPTER THREADBiological InvasionsBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Invasion of the LionfishAn Overview of Population EcologyPopulation DensityPopulation Age StructureLife Tables and Survivorship CurvesLife History Traits as AdaptationsPopulation Growth ModelsThe Exponential Population Growth Model: The Ideal of an Unlimited EnvironmentThe Logistic Population Growth Model: The Reality of a LimitedEnvironmentRegulation of Population GrowthApplications of Population EcologyConservation of Endangered SpeciesSustainable Resource ManagementInvasive SpeciesBiological Control of PestsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Fences Stop Cane Toads?Integrated Pest ManagementHuman Population GrowthThe History of Human Population GrowthAge StructuresOur Ecological FootprintEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Humans as an Invasive Species Communities and EcosystemsCHAPTER THREADImportance of BiodiversityBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Why Biodiversity MattersBiodiversityGenetic DiversitySpecies DiversityEcosystem DiversityCauses of Declining BiodiversityCommunity EcologyInterspecific InteractionsTrophic StructureSpecies Diversity in CommunitiesDisturbances and Succession in CommunitiesEcological SuccessionEcosystem EcologyEnergy Flow in EcosystemsChemical Cycling in EcosystemsConservation and Restoration BiologyBiodiversity "Hot Spots"Conservation at the Ecosystem LevelTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Does Biodiversity Protect Human Health?Restoring EcosystemsThe Goal of Sustainable DevelopmentEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Saving the Hot Spots UNIT 5: ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and FunctionCHAPTER THREADControlling Body TemperatureBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: An Avoidable TragedyThe Structural Organization of AnimalsAnatomy and PhysiologyTissuesOrgans and Organ SystemsExchanges with the External EnvironmentRegulating the Internal EnvironmentHomeostasisNegative and Positive FeedbackThermoregulationTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Does a Python Warm Her Eggs?OsmoregulationHomeostasis in the Urinary SystemEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Adaptations for Thermoregulation Nutrition and DigestionCHAPTER THREADControlling Your WeightBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The "Secret" to Shedding PoundsAn Overview of Animal NutritionAnimal DietsThe Four Stages of Food ProcessingDigestive CompartmentsA Tour of the Human Digestive SystemSystem MapThe MouthThe PharynxThe EsophagusThe StomachThe Small IntestineThe Human MicrobiomeThe Large IntestineHuman Nutritional RequirementsFood as FuelFood as Building MaterialDecoding Food LabelsNutritional DisordersMalnutritionEating DisordersObesityTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can a Gene Make You Fat?EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Fat and Sugar Cravings Circulation and RespirationCHAPTER THREADAthletic EnduranceBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Avoiding "The Wall"Unifying Concepts of Animal CirculationThe Human Cardiovascular SystemThe Path of BloodHow the Heart WorksBlood VesselsBloodTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Live High, Train Low?Cardiovascular DiseaseUnifying Concepts of Animal RespirationThe Human Respiratory SystemThe Path of AirThe Brain's Control over BreathingThe Role of Hemoglobin in Gas TransportThe Toll of Smoking on the LungsEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolving Endurance The Body's DefensesCHAPTER THREADVaccinesBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Herd ImmunityAn Overview of the Immune SystemInnate ImmunityExternal Innate DefensesInternal Innate DefensesThe Lymphatic SystemCirculatory FunctionImmune FunctionAdaptive ImmunityStep 1: Recognizing the InvadersStep 2: Cloning the RespondersStep 3: Responding to InvadersStep 4: Remembering InvadersTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: How Do We Know Vaccines Work?Immune DisordersAllergiesAutoimmune DiseasesImmuno-deficiency DiseasesAIDSEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Viral Evolution versus the Flu Vaccine HormonesCHAPTER THREADSteroid AbuseBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Baseball's Ongoing Steroid ProblemHormones: An OverviewThe Human Endocrine SystemThe Hypothalamus and Pituitary GlandThe Thyroid and MetabolismThe Pancreas and Blood GlucoseThe Adrenal Glands and StressThe Gonads and Sex HormonesMimicking Sex HormonesTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Do 'Roids Cause Rage?EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Steroids and Male Aggression Reproduction and DevelopmentCHAPTER THREADHigh-Tech BabiesBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: New Ways of Making BabiesUnifying Concepts of Animal ReproductionAsexual ReproductionSexual ReproductionHuman ReproductionMale Reproductive AnatomyFemale Reproductive AnatomyGametogenesisThe Female Reproductive CycleReproductive HealthContraceptionSexually Transmitted InfectionsHuman DevelopmentFertilization by SpermBasic Concepts of Embryonic DevelopmentPregnancy and Early DevelopmentThe Stages of PregnancyChildbirthReproductive TechnologiesInfertilityIn Vitro FertilizationTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Are Babies Conceived through In Vitro Fertilization asHealthy as Babies Conceived Naturally?The Ethics of IVFEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The "Grandmother Hypothesis" Nervous, Sensory, and Locomotor SystemsCHAPTER THREADNeurotoxinsBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Medicinal PoisonsAn Overview of Animal Nervous SystemsNeuronsOrganization of Nervous SystemsSending a Signal through a NeuronPassing a Signal from a Neuron to a Receiving CellThe Human Nervous System: A Closer LookThe Central Nervous SystemThe Peripheral Nervous SystemThe Human BrainThe SensesSensory InputVisionHearingLocomotor SystemsThe Skeletal SystemThe Muscular SystemTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can Botulism Toxin Prevent Headaches?Stimulus and Response: Putting It All TogetherEVOLUTION CONNECTION: A Neurotoxin Arms Race UNIT 6: PLANT STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION The Life of a Flowering PlantCHAPTER THREADAgricultureBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: The Buzz on Coffee PlantsThe Structure and Function of a Flowering PlantMonocots and EudicotsRoots, Stems, and LeavesPlant Tissues and Tissue SystemsPlant CellsPlant GrowthPrimary Growth: LengtheningSecondary Growth: ThickeningTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: What Happened to the Lost Colony of Roanoke?The Life Cycle of a Flowering PlantThe FlowerOverview of the Flowering Plant Life CyclePollination and FertilizationSeed FormationFruit FormationSeed GerminationEVOLUTION CONNECTION: The Problem of the Disappearing Bees The Working PlantCHAPTER THREADThe Interdependence of OrganismsBIOLOGY AND SOCIETY: Planting Hope in the Wake of DisasterHow Plants Acquire and Transport NutrientsPlant NutritionFrom the Soil into the RootsThe Role of Bacteria in Nitrogen NutritionThe Transport of WaterThe Transport of SugarsTHE PROCESS OF SCIENCE: Can the Pressure Flow Mechanism Be Directly Measured?Economic Uses of Plant Transport ProductsPlant HormonesAuxinsCytokininsEthyleneGibberellinsAbscisic AcidResponse to StimuliTropismsPhotoperiodismEVOLUTION CONNECTION: Plants, Bugs, and People APPENDICES A. Metric Conversion TableB. The Periodic TableC. CreditsD. Selected Answers