Encyclopedia of AIDS

Thomas J. Hope, PH.D. is a Professor in the Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, and Obstetrics and Gynecology in the Feinberg School of Medicine, and in Biomedical Engineering in the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Northwestern University.  Dr. Hope’s laboratory has been a pioneer in the use of cell biology approaches to study HIV, providing images and movies of HIV interacting with cells and tissues.  For the past 25 years, his research has focused on HIV Cellular Virology.  More recently this focus has expanded to HIV-related mucosal immunology, HIV transmission, and HIV Prevention Science.Douglas D. Richman, MD, is Distinguished Professor of Pathology and Medicine at the University of California, San Diego, and the Florence Seeley Riford Chair in AIDS Research. He is Director of the Center for AIDS Research at UC San Diego, Director of the UC San Diego AIDS Research Institute, and staff physician at the VA San Diego Healthcare System. Dr. Richman's laboratory, which was the first to identify HIV drug resistance, joined two others in identifying latently infected CD4 cells as the obstacle to eradication of HIV with potent antiretroviral therapy. His laboratory also described the dynamics of the neutralizing antibody response to HIV and the rapidity of viral escape and evolution in response to this selective pressure.  The major current focus of Dr. Richman’s laboratory is the latent HIV reservoir and strategies to achieve eradication of this reservoir. Mario Stevenson is Professor of Medicine and Chief of Infectious Diseases at the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. For the past 30 years his research has focused on uncovering processes regulating the interplay between HIV-1 and its host, as well as mechanisms of viral persistence.

• Abstinence, Be Faithful, Condoms (ABC), Prevention of HIV.- Acetylation.- Actin.- AIDS-related.- Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma.- Anal Cancer.- Anatomic Compartments as a Barrier to HIV Cure.- Antiretroviral Drug Penetration into Lymphoid Tissue.- Antiretroviral Drug Penetration into the CNS Compartment.- Antiretroviral Medications, Adult Care and Treatment.- Antiretroviral therapy (ART), Prevention of HIV.- Anti-Retroviral Therapy and Drug Resistance in HIV-2 Infection.- Antiretroviral Therapy for HIV-Infected Infants, Children, and Adolescents in Resource-Rich Settings.- Antiretroviral Therapy: When to Start.- Antiretroviral Treatment in Resource-Limited Settings.- APOBEC3F/G and Vif: Action and Counteractions.- Apoptosis Dysregulation during HIV Disease.-Arp2/3.- Attachment/Binding.- Autophagy and HIV Infection.- Bacterial Respiratory and Invasive Pneumococcal Infections and HIV.- BAF (BANF1).- Behavioral Aspects of HIV Mother-to-Child Transmission.- Behavioral Aspects of HIV Treatment as Prevention.- Behavioral Interventions for Adherence.- Behavioral Science highlights of evidence and research.- Blood and blood product donors and recipients in China, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Budding.- Burkitt and Burkitt-like Lymphoma.- Cardiovascular Complications.- cART and Supportive Care for HIV-Associated Malignancies.- Case Management for Linkage.- Cell Intrinsic Immunity.- Cellular and Soluble Immune Activation Markers in HIV-Infected Subjects.- Cellular Cofactors for HIV-1 Transcription.- Cellular Cofactors of HIV as Drug Targets.- Central Memory CD4 T cells.- Cervical Cancer and HIV.- Chagas Disease and HIV.- Children, Care and Treatment.- Children, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Chronic Immune Activation in HIV.- Circumcision and AIDS.- Clinical Ethics in HIV/AIDS Prevention, Care, and Research.- Cofilin, Trafficking.- Collagen Deposition and Fibrosis in the Lymphatic Tissues of HIV-1 Infected Individuals.- Combination Approaches to HIV Prevention.- Community Viral Load.- Co-morbidity: Opiods.- Comorbidity: Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.- Conjunctival Carcinoma.- Counteraction of SAMHD1 by Vpx.- Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (CRM1).- Cryptococcosis and HIV.- Cryptosporidiosis.- Epidemic Kaposi Sarcoma, Pathogenesis and Presentation of .- CXCR4, Coreceptors.- Cyclophilin A and HIV-1 Replication.- Cystoisosporiasis.- Cytomegalovirus Infection and HIV.- DDX3, Cofactors, and RNA Export.- Delayed Sexual Debut.- Dendritic Cell Interactions with HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein, Implications for Preventing Transmission.- Differential Diagnosis of HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders.- Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma.- Eastern Europe and Central Asia, specific characteristics of HIV/AIDS epidemic.- Elderly: Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Entry Inhibitors.- Epidemiology of AIDS-Defining Malignancies.- Epidemiology of HIV-2 Infection in West Africa.- Epidemiology of Non-AIDS-Defining Malignancies.- Epstein Barr Virus (EBV).- Faith Based Interventions.- Family Interventions.- Female Condoms.- Female, Male and Transgender Sex Workers, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Fusion.- Gamma delta T cells.- Global NeuroAIDS.- HAND Adjunctive Therapies: Reversing Neuronal Injury.- Harm Reduction for Injection Drug Users.- Health care workers, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Health care workers, Shortage and task shifting of.- Hepatitis B Virus infection and HIV.- Hepatitis C Virus Infection and HIV.- Hepatocellular Carcinoma in HIV-Positive Patients.- History of the AIDS epidemic.- HIV "auxiliary" proteins, essential role of.- HIV & SIV, CD4 T cell responses to.- HIV and Opportunistic Infections, an Overview.- HIV and Sexual Violence.- HIV and SIV, B-Cell Responses to.- HIV and SIV, CD8 T Cell Responses to.- HIV Antigen Processing and Presentation.- HIV Associated Immune Exhaustion.- HIV Cancers in Resource-Limited Regions.- HIV Compartments and Viral Rebound During Treatment Interruption.- HIV Coreceptor Tropism in Different Reservoirs.- HIV Counseling and Testing, Prevention of HIV.- HIV Funding agencies and major programs.- HIV Infection, Immune-based Interventions for.- HIV Life Cycle: Overview.- HIV Neurocognitive Diagnosis, Natural History and Treatment.- HIV Prevention and African Americans.- HIV Prevention and Asians and Pacific Islanders.- HIV Prevention and Hispanics.- HIV Prevention and Labor Migration.- HIV Prevention and Women.- HIV Prevention Efforts Within Substance Use Disorder Treatment Settings.- HIV Prevention for MSM.- HIV Prevention for SerodiscordantCouples.- HIV Prevention for Stimulant Using Men Who have Sex with Men.- HIV Prevention in Persons 50 and Older.- HIV Prevention in the Correctional System.- HIV Prevention in Transgender Persons.- HIV Prevention in Youth.- HIV Reservoirs in Lymph Nodes and Spleen.- HIV Reservoirs in the Central Nervous System.- HIV Reservoirs Within the Lungs.- HIV Testing and Counseling.- HIV Transmission in Female Commercial Sex Workers and Host Protective Factors.- HIV-1 Assembly Cofactors.- HIV-1 Maturation.- HIV-1 Mutational Escape from Host Immunity.- HIV-1 Pathogenesis in the Gut.- HIV-1 Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis.- HIV-1 Prevention Using Live-attenuated Vaccines.- HIV-1 Rev Expression and Functions.- HIV-1 Transmission Blocking Microbicides.- HIV-1 Transmission; Influence of Bodily Secretions.- HIV-1 Virion Structure.- HIV-2 Diagnosis and Viral Load Measurements.- HIV-2 Envelope: Structure, Diversity and Evolution.- HIV-2 Infection in Europe, Epidemiology of .- HIV-2 Infection: The Role of Immune Activation in Pathogenesis.- HIV-2 Neurological Manifestations.- HIV-2 Transmission.- HIV-2: Lessons from the Dakar Cohort.- HIV-Associated Cancers.- Hodgkin Lymphoma in Patients with HIV Infection.- Host Genetics and Genomics.- Housing as HIV Prevention.- Human Papillomavirus (HPV).- Identification and Validation of HIV Cofactors.- Identifying Opportunities to Block HIV-1 Transmission in the Female Genital Tract.- Immune Activation and HIV Transmission.- Immunogenetics of HIV-2 Infection.- Immunological Responses to Antiretroviral Therapy.- Immunology of Latent HIV Infection.- Immunopathogenesis of HIV Co-infections.- Inflammasome and HIV.- Inflammatory Cytokines.- Inhibition of HIV-1 Spread: Cell-Free Versus Cell-Cell.- Initial Antiretroviral Regimens.- Integrase Inhibitors.- Integration.- Integrin Alpha4beta7.- Interactions Between HIV-2 and Host Restriction Factors.- Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) or Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8).- KIR Locus Variation.- Latin America and the Caribbean, specific characteristics of HIV/AIDS epidemic.- Leishmaniasis and HIV.- Long-Acting Nanoformulated Antiretroviral Therapy.- Long-Term Nonprogressors and Elite Controllers.- Lung Cancer.- M. avium Complex and Other Nontuberculous Mycobacteria and HIV.- Macrophages in HIV Immunopathogenesis.- Macrophage-Specific Aspects of HIV-1 Infection.- Male Condoms.- Malignancies in Children with HIV Infection.- Management of AIDS-related Kaposi’s Sarcoma.- Mass Media and HIV Prevention.- Maturation Inhibitor.- Medical male circumcision, infant circumcision, Prevention of HIV.- Men who have sex with men (MSM), Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Merkel Cell Carcinoma and Other HIV-Associated Skin Cancers.- Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCV).- MHC Locus Variation.- Microbial Translocation.- Microfinance/Microenterprise Approaches to HIV Prevention.- Microsporidiosis.- Molecular Biology of HIV-2.- Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1: Role of Receptor Usage and Target Cells.- MTCT HIV-1 Transmission Update: Transmission Routes & Mechanisms.- Mucosal Immunity to HIV-1.- Mucosal Pathogenesis in SIV Infection.- Multicentric Castleman Disease.- Multilevel Interventions/Structural Approaches to HIV Prevention.- MX2 and HIV-1 Restriction.- Natural History and Clinical Features of HIV-2 Infection.- Natural Killer Cells and Innate Immunity in HIV-2 Infection.- Natural Killer Cells and their Role in Preventing HIV-1 Transmission.- Nef/Env/Vpu/Tetherin.- Network Interventions.- NeuroAIDS in Resource-Poor Settings, Assessment, and Treatment of.- Neuro-AIDS,Immunopathogenesis of.- Neurocognitive Functioning in HIV Substance Users.- Neurocognitive Outcomes in HIV-Infected Children and Adolescents.- Neuroinflammation and HAND: Therapeutic Targeting.- Neuropsychological testing in HIV infected individuals.- Neurotoxic Consequences of Antiretroviral Therapies.- NKT Cells: Bridging Innate and Adaptive Immunity.- Nonhuman Primate Models of HIV Transmission.- Non-injecting drug users, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Non-Neutralizing Antibody Responses and Protection Against HIV-1.- Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors for Treatment of HIV Infection.- Non-Pathogenic SIV Infection of Sooty Mangabeys.- Nucleoside and Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs).- Nuclear Import: HIV-1 Goes NUPs.- Nurse-Delivered Interventions for Adherence.- Origin and Distribution of HIV-1 Subtypes.- Other HPV-Associated Cancers (Oropharyngeal and Penile).- Overcoming the Transcriptional Block: The HIV-1 Tat Auxiliary Protein.- Overview of HIV CNS Infection.- Overview: Immunopathogenesis.- Programmed Death-1.- Peer-Based Intervention Approaches.- Phylogeographic Insights into the Origins and Epidemic History of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2.- PIMT/TGS1.- PKR and HIV Replication.- Plasmablastic Lymphoma.- Pneumocystis Jirovecii Infection and HIV.- Positive Health, Dignity, and Prevention (PHDP).- Post-treatment Controllers.- Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP).- Pregnant Women: Care and Treatment.- Presentation and Pathogenesis of B-Cell Lymphoid Cancers Associated with HIV Infection.- Preventing HIV-1 Transmission Through Vaccine-Induced Immune Responses.- Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT): Prevention of HIV.- Preventing Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV-1.- Prevention clinical trials highlights of evidence and research.- PreventionCounseling and Other Strategies in the HIV Care Setting.- Prevention for People Living with HIV.- Prevention of Alcohol-Related HIV Risk Behavior.- Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of AIDS.- Primary Effusion Lymphoma.- Prison populations, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.- Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and HIV.- Protease Inhibitor.- Pyroptosis in HIV Infection: HIV Offense Meets a Fiery Host Defense.- Recombinant Forms of HIV-2.- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and reproductive track infections (RTIs), care and treatment.- Retention in Care Interventions.- Reverse Transcriptase-Catalyzed HIV-1 DNA Synthesis.- Risk of Sexual HIV-1 Transmission: Co-infections Associated with Risk.- Role for Histone Deacetylase 1 and Yin Yang 1 Protein (HDAC1:YY1) in Proviral Latency.- Role of Antibodies in HIV Transmission.- Role of Dendritic Cells in HIV-2 Pathogenesis.- Role of LEDGF/p75 in Cell Biology and Disease Pathogenesis.- Role of Regulatory T Cells during HIV Infection.- Role of Transportin-SR2 (Transportin-3, TRN-SR2, TNPO3) in HIV Replication.- Salmonellosis and other bacterial enteric infections and HIV.- Sex Work and HIV Prevention.- Sexual Risk Factors for HIV Exposure and Transmission.- SIV Infection in Mandrills.- SIV Infection of African Green Monkeys.- SIVmac Infection of Macaques, Immunopathogenesis of.- SLX4 Complex and HIV Replication.- South, Southeast, and East Asia, specific characteristics of HIV/AIDS epidemic.- Stem Cell Transplantation.- Sub-Saharan Africa, specific characteristics of HIV/AIDS epidemic.- Surveillance case definition.- Systems Biology.- T Cell Homeostasis.- T Follicular Helper Cells in HIV Infection.- T memory stem cells.- Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei and HIV.- Tat Expression and Function.- Th17 Cells.- The Antibody Response to HIV-2.- The Cellular Immune Response to HIV-2 Infection.- Thymic Function.- Tim-3.- Toxoplasmosis in HIV-Infected Patients.- Transcription (Initiation, Regulation, Elongation).- Translational Interventions (Intervention Technology Transfer).- Transmission HIV-2: Origin, Epidemiology, and Phenotype.- Treatment Failure and Resistance.- Treatment of Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Paracoccidioidomycosis in Patients with HIV Infection.- TRIM Protein Family and Viral Restriction.- TRIM5 Alpha and HIV-2 Infection.- TRIM5alpha.- Tropism and Properties of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein in Transmission.- Tuberculosis and HIV.- Uncoating and Nuclear Entry.- Update on HIV-1 and HIV-2 Dual Infection.- Use of Technology and Social Networking in HIV Prevention.- Vaccine Efforts Against AIDS.- Viral Fitness in Hosts.- Viremic Nonprogressors.- Virus Assembly.- Virus-Host Evolution and Positive Selection.- Western Europe, North America, and Australia/New Zealand, specific characteristics of HIV/AIDS epidemic.- Women, Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS.