Advances in Oil and Gas Exploration & Production – serie

This book presents a comprehensive assessment of clastic sedimentology and its application to reservoir geology. It covers the theoretical foundations of the topic and its use for scientists as well as professionals in the field. Further, it addresses all aspects of reservoir sedimentology, clastic sequence stratigraphy, sedimentation, reservoir diagenesis and heterogeneity, as well as depositional systems (alluvial, fluvial, lacustrine, delta, sandy coast, neritic, deep-water) in detail.The research team responsible for this book has been investigating clastic sedimentology for more than three decades and consists of highly published and cited authors. The Chinese edition of this book has been a great success, and is popular among sedimentologists and petroleum geologists alike.

This book discusses how sediments compact with depth and applications of the compaction trends. Porosity reduction in sediment conveniently indicates the degree of sediments compacted after deposition. Published empirical curves- the compaction curves- are depth-wise porosity variation through which change in pore spaces from sediment surface to deeper depths e.g. up to 6 km can be delineated. Porosity is derived from well logs. Compaction curves, referred to as the Normal Porosity Profile of shales, sandstones and shale bearing sandstones of different models are reviewed along with the different mechanical and chemical compaction processes. These compaction models reveals how porosity reduces depth-wise and the probable reason for anomalous zones. Deviation from these normal compaction trends may indicate abnormal pressure scenarios: either over- or under pressure. We highlight global examples of abnormal pressure scenarios along with the different primary- and secondary mechanisms. Well logs and cores being the direct measurements of porosity, well log is the only cost-effective way to determine porosity of subsurface rocks. Certain well logs can detect overpressure and the preference of one log above the other helps reduce the uncertainty. Apart from delineation of under-compacted zones by comparing the modeled- with the actual compaction, porosity data can also estimate erosion.

This book discusses how sediments compact with depth and applications of the compaction trends. Porosity reduction in sediment conveniently indicates the degree of sediments compacted after deposition. Published empirical curves- the compaction curves- are depth-wise porosity variation through which change in pore spaces from sediment surface to deeper depths e.g. up to 6 km can be delineated. Porosity is derived from well logs. Compaction curves, referred to as the Normal Porosity Profile of shales, sandstones and shale bearing sandstones of different models are reviewed along with the different mechanical and chemical compaction processes. These compaction models reveals how porosity reduces depth-wise and the probable reason for anomalous zones. Deviation from these normal compaction trends may indicate abnormal pressure scenarios: either over- or under pressure. We highlight global examples of abnormal pressure scenarios along with the different primary- and secondary mechanisms. Well logs and cores being the direct measurements of porosity, well log is the only cost-effective way to determine porosity of subsurface rocks. Certain well logs can detect overpressure and the preference of one log above the other helps reduce the uncertainty. Apart from delineation of under-compacted zones by comparing the modeled- with the actual compaction, porosity data can also estimate erosion.

The book presents an integrated approach to studying the geomechanical processes occurring in oil and gas-bearing formations during their development. It discusses the choice of a model that takes into account the basic properties of rocks; experiments to find model parameters; numerical modeling; and direct physical modeling of deformation and filtration processes in reservoir and host rocks. Taking into account features of rock behavior, such as anisotropy of the mechanical properties of rocks during elastoplastic deformation; dependence of permeability on the total stress tensor; the contribution of the filtration flow to the formation stress state; and the influence of tangential as well as normal stresses on the transition to inelastic deformation, it demonstrates how the presented approach allows the practical problems of increasing the productivity of wells, oil recovery, and ensuring the stability of wellbores to be solved.The book is intended forspecialists, including geoengineers working in the oil and gas sector, teachers, graduate students and students, as well as all those interested in scientific and technological developments to meet the enormous demand for raw materials and energy.

The book presents an integrated approach to studying the geomechanical processes occurring in oil and gas-bearing formations during their development. It discusses the choice of a model that takes into account the basic properties of rocks; experiments to find model parameters; numerical modeling; and direct physical modeling of deformation and filtration processes in reservoir and host rocks. Taking into account features of rock behavior, such as anisotropy of the mechanical properties of rocks during elastoplastic deformation; dependence of permeability on the total stress tensor; the contribution of the filtration flow to the formation stress state; and the influence of tangential as well as normal stresses on the transition to inelastic deformation, it demonstrates how the presented approach allows the practical problems of increasing the productivity of wells, oil recovery, and ensuring the stability of wellbores to be solved.The book is intended forspecialists, including geoengineers working in the oil and gas sector, teachers, graduate students and students, as well as all those interested in scientific and technological developments to meet the enormous demand for raw materials and energy.

This book examines the effects of incoherent noise and how it leads to the misinterpretation of seismic data. It also reviews common noise reduction approaches and their drawbacks, focusing on developments that have occurred in the past decade.The main features of this book include:•   Hands-on implementation in MATLAB and/or C•   In-depth discussions of both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject•   Supplementary, real-world seismic data•   Detailed descriptions of structure-enhancing filters.Connecting the theory and practical implementation of noise reduction, the book helps readers fill the gap from equations to code, and from classical filters to the preservation and enhancement of a robust structure. Lastly, it highlights cutting-edge research in the area.As such, it is of interest to researchers in the fields of petroleum engineering, exploration seismology,and geophysics, as well as to practitioners working in the petroleum industry.

This book examines the effects of incoherent noise and how it leads to the misinterpretation of seismic data. It also reviews common noise reduction approaches and their drawbacks, focusing on developments that have occurred in the past decade.The main features of this book include:•   Hands-on implementation in MATLAB and/or C•   In-depth discussions of both theoretical and practical aspects of the subject•   Supplementary, real-world seismic data•   Detailed descriptions of structure-enhancing filters.Connecting the theory and practical implementation of noise reduction, the book helps readers fill the gap from equations to code, and from classical filters to the preservation and enhancement of a robust structure. Lastly, it highlights cutting-edge research in the area.As such, it is of interest to researchers in the fields of petroleum engineering, exploration seismology,and geophysics, as well as to practitioners working in the petroleum industry.

This open access book  is an encyclopaedic analysis of the current and future energy system of the world’s most populous country and second biggest economy. What happens in China impacts the planet. In the past 40 years China has achieved one of the most remarkable economic growth rates in history. Its GDP has risen by a factor of 65, enabling 850,000 people to rise out of poverty.   Growth on this scale comes with consequences. China is the world’s biggest consumer of primary energy and the world’s biggest emitter of CO2 emissions. Creating a prosperous and harmonious society that delivers economic growth and a high quality of life for all will require radical change in the energy sector, and a rewiring of the economy more widely.  In China’s Energy Revolution in the Context of the Global Energy Transition, a team of researchers from the Development Research Center of the State Council of China and Shell International examine how China can revolutionise its supply and use of energy.  They examine the entire energy system: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, renewables and new energies in production, conversion, distribution and consumption. They compare China with case studies and lessons learned in other countries. They ask which technology, policy and market mechanisms are required to support the change and they explore how international cooperation can smooth the way to an energy revolution in China and across the world. And, they create and compare scenarios on possible pathways to a future energy system that is low-carbon, affordable, secure and reliable.

This open access book  is an encyclopaedic analysis of the current and future energy system of the world’s most populous country and second biggest economy. What happens in China impacts the planet. In the past 40 years China has achieved one of the most remarkable economic growth rates in history. Its GDP has risen by a factor of 65, enabling 850,000 people to rise out of poverty.   Growth on this scale comes with consequences. China is the world’s biggest consumer of primary energy and the world’s biggest emitter of CO2 emissions. Creating a prosperous and harmonious society that delivers economic growth and a high quality of life for all will require radical change in the energy sector, and a rewiring of the economy more widely.  In China’s Energy Revolution in the Context of the Global Energy Transition, a team of researchers from the Development Research Center of the State Council of China and Shell International examine how China can revolutionise its supply and use of energy.  They examine the entire energy system: coal, oil, gas, nuclear, renewables and new energies in production, conversion, distribution and consumption. They compare China with case studies and lessons learned in other countries. They ask which technology, policy and market mechanisms are required to support the change and they explore how international cooperation can smooth the way to an energy revolution in China and across the world. And, they create and compare scenarios on possible pathways to a future energy system that is low-carbon, affordable, secure and reliable.

This book presents unique features of the adaptive modeling approach based on new machine learning algorithms for petroleum exploration, development, and production. The adaptive approach helps simulation engineers and geoscientists to create adequate geological and hydrodynamic models. This approach is proven to be a real alternative to traditional techniques, such as deterministic modeling. Currently, machine-learning algorithms grow in popularity because they provide consistency, predictiveness, and convenience. The primary purpose of this book is to describe the theoretical state of the adaptive approach and show some examples of its implementation in simulation and forecasting different reservoir processes.

This book presents unique features of the adaptive modeling approach based on new machine learning algorithms for petroleum exploration, development, and production. The adaptive approach helps simulation engineers and geoscientists to create adequate geological and hydrodynamic models. This approach is proven to be a real alternative to traditional techniques, such as deterministic modeling. Currently, machine-learning algorithms grow in popularity because they provide consistency, predictiveness, and convenience. The primary purpose of this book is to describe the theoretical state of the adaptive approach and show some examples of its implementation in simulation and forecasting different reservoir processes.

This book is meant for geoscientists and engineers who are beginners, and introduces them to the field of seismic data interpretation and evaluation. The exquisite seismic illustrations and real case examples interspersed in the text help the readers appreciate the interpretation of seismic data in a simple way, and at the same time, emphasize the multidisciplinary, integrated practical approach to data evaluation. A concerted effort has been made for the readers to realize that mindless interpretation of seismic data using sophisticated software packages, without having a grasp on the elementary principles of geology and geophysics, and  coupled with their over-reliance on workstations to provide solutions can have appalling results all too very often.

This book is meant for geoscientists and engineers who are beginners, and introduces them to the field of seismic data interpretation and evaluation. The exquisite seismic illustrations and real case examples interspersed in the text help the readers appreciate the interpretation of seismic data in a simple way, and at the same time, emphasize the multidisciplinary, integrated practical approach to data evaluation. A concerted effort has been made for the readers to realize that mindless interpretation of seismic data using sophisticated software packages, without having a grasp on the elementary principles of geology and geophysics, and  coupled with their over-reliance on workstations to provide solutions can have appalling results all too very often.

This book covers in detail the entire workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation of subsurface modeling and characterization. It focusses on each step of the geo-modeling workflow starting from data preconditioning and wavelet extraction, which is the basis for the reservoir geophysics described and introduced in the following chapters. This book allows the reader to get a comprehensive insight of the most common and advanced workflows. It aims at graduate students related to energy (hydrocarbons), CO2 geological storage, and near surface characterization as well as professionals in these industries. The reader benefits from the strong and coherent theoretical background of the book, which is accompanied with real case examples.

This book covers in detail the entire workflow for quantitative seismic interpretation of subsurface modeling and characterization. It focusses on each step of the geo-modeling workflow starting from data preconditioning and wavelet extraction, which is the basis for the reservoir geophysics described and introduced in the following chapters. This book allows the reader to get a comprehensive insight of the most common and advanced workflows. It aims at graduate students related to energy (hydrocarbons), CO2 geological storage, and near surface characterization as well as professionals in these industries. The reader benefits from the strong and coherent theoretical background of the book, which is accompanied with real case examples.

The book offers novel petrophysical methods for obtaining and characterizing physical properties of sandstone and fractured carbonate rocks. The proposed experimental petrophysical test for the determination of permeability tensor ellipses in fractured rocks at a laboratory scale is a methodology of easy application and does not require complicated equipment. Such a test can be extended with 3D digital petrophysics. The estimation of principal permeability directions is useful in the realization of immiscible or miscible displacements in the rock. This book is of interest for professionals and researchers in the field of petrophysics and oil and gas exploration.

The book offers novel petrophysical methods for obtaining and characterizing physical properties of sandstone and fractured carbonate rocks. The proposed experimental petrophysical test for the determination of permeability tensor ellipses in fractured rocks at a laboratory scale is a methodology of easy application and does not require complicated equipment. Such a test can be extended with 3D digital petrophysics. The estimation of principal permeability directions is useful in the realization of immiscible or miscible displacements in the rock. This book is of interest for professionals and researchers in the field of petrophysics and oil and gas exploration.

From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to harness the potential of shale gas. The book  integrates various data types such as  outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing—from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices,  environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, "Cleaner Energy from the Earth" offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.

From the geological mysteries of shale formations to cutting-edge techniques in gas extraction, this book unveils the essential knowledge to harness the potential of shale gas. The book  integrates various data types such as  outcrop, well logs, core data, etc.) for hydrofracturing—from basin-scale to nano-pore-scale. The book included a wealth of information on the latest advancements, industry practices,  environmental considerations, policies, and more. In a world increasingly conscious of environmental concerns, "Cleaner Energy from the Earth" offers a fresh perspective on the utilization of shale gas as a cleaner fossil fuel alternative. This comprehensive book takes the reader on a captivating journey through the science, technology, and innovation driving shale gas exploration and exploitation towards a greener future. Whether you're a seasoned industry professional, a student, or a curious reader, this book provides a comprehensive and accessible resource for all levels of expertise.

This book demonstrates different stages of hydrocarbon deposit localization in a tectonically complex region—the South Caspian Mega-Basin (SCMB). Each of the stages: tectonics, sedimentation, lithology, structural analysis, and geophysical method application is described in detail and accompanied by numerous color (major) and black-white (minor) illustrations. The main benefit of this book is that the Azerbaijan hydrocarbon province has been investigated for more than 150 years, resulting in a very comprehensive archive of geological information. This book is intended not only for students of various degrees, but also for professional geologists studying principles of hydrocarbon accumulations under difficult geological environments.

This book demonstrates different stages of hydrocarbon deposit localization in a tectonically complex region—the South Caspian Mega-Basin (SCMB). Each of the stages: tectonics, sedimentation, lithology, structural analysis, and geophysical method application is described in detail and accompanied by numerous color (major) and black-white (minor) illustrations. The main benefit of this book is that the Azerbaijan hydrocarbon province has been investigated for more than 150 years, resulting in a very comprehensive archive of geological information. This book is intended not only for students of various degrees, but also for professional geologists studying principles of hydrocarbon accumulations under difficult geological environments.

This book addresses the problems involved in the modelling and simulation of shale gas reservoirs at pore scale, and details recent advances in the field. It presents the construction of simulation methods, mainly using the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), that describe sorption, flow, and transport in nanoporous shale with some case studies. This book highlights the nanoscale effects, ascribed to the large surface-to-volume ratio, on fluids occurrence and transport physics. It discusses some interesting phenomena occurs at nanoporous shale, such as absorbed water film, water condensation, sorption hysteresis, surface excess adsorption, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, structural fluid density, no-slip boundary, etc.The key techniques and methods introduced in this book provide the basis for accurate prediction of gas-well productivity. The basic principles and modeling methods are also relevant to many other nanoporous applications in science and engineering.The book aims to provide a valuable reference resource for researchers and professional scientists and engineers working on shale gas development and nanoporous media research.

To build a new energy system is the key towards China's goal of carbon emissions peak and achieving carbon neutrality. The new energy system will reshape the conventional energy system in an integrated and revolutionary way. It will not only bring about major changes in energy production, utilization and consumption, as well as emissions of greenhouse gas (GHG) and local pollutants, but also have profound implications on technological innovation and economic development. Based on quantitative and systematic analysis, this study depicts the energy system by 2030 and by 2060, analyzes the impacts of the energy system on economic and social development, studies and judges the key risk points, and proposes the path and policy system for building a new energy system.This is an open access book.

Seismic imaging is a key component of subsurface exploration, and it depends on a high-quality seismic data acquisition system with effective seismic processing algorithms. Seismic data quality concerns various factors such as acquisition design, environmental constraints, sampling resolution, and noises. The focus of this book is to investigate efficient seismic data representation and signal enhancement solutions by leveraging the powerful feature engineering capability of deep learning. The book delves into seismic data representation and enhancement issues, ranging from seismic acquisition design to subsequent quality improvement and compression technologies. Given the challenges of obtaining suitable labeled training datasets for seismic data processing problems, we concentrate on exploring deep learning approaches that eliminate the need for labels. We combined novel deep learning techniques with conventional seismic data processing methods, and construct networks and frameworks tailored for seismic data processing. The editors and authors of this book come from both academia and industry with hands-on experiences in seismic data processing and imaging.

Seismic imaging is a key component of subsurface exploration, and it depends on a high-quality seismic data acquisition system with effective seismic processing algorithms. Seismic data quality concerns various factors such as acquisition design, environmental constraints, sampling resolution, and noises. The focus of this book is to investigate efficient seismic data representation and signal enhancement solutions by leveraging the powerful feature engineering capability of deep learning. The book delves into seismic data representation and enhancement issues, ranging from seismic acquisition design to subsequent quality improvement and compression technologies. Given the challenges of obtaining suitable labeled training datasets for seismic data processing problems, we concentrate on exploring deep learning approaches that eliminate the need for labels. We combined novel deep learning techniques with conventional seismic data processing methods, and construct networks and frameworks tailored for seismic data processing. The editors and authors of this book come from both academia and industry with hands-on experiences in seismic data processing and imaging.

This open access book focuses on the geological conditions associated with oil and gas exploration and complex in China’s deep marine strata. The petroleum industry is faced with the challenges of limited knowledge of deep petroleum systems, reduced signal-to-noise ratio of deep reservoir targets, and increased engineering risks associated with drilling and completion of ultra-deep wells. This book tackles these challenges with the introduction and investigation of a variety of geological processes from basin evolution, source rock and reservoir deposition, petroleum generation, migration, accumulation, and redistribution in the three ancient cratons in China. It addresses these geological processes in both sedimentary facies and strike-slip fault controlled reservoirs, including theoretical, experimental, and simulation approaches. In addition, it discusses new advances in the geophysics, drilling, and completion engineering specifically related to the deep marine strata. This book will be very useful for petroleum geologists, geophysicists, engineers, technicians, academics, and students who need to study the petroleum geology and exploration methods.

This book presents data driven approaches to improve drilling performance in geothermal, coiled tubing, and conventional operations. It begins with transformer models for forecasting rate of penetration in geothermal wells, followed by methods for predicting both penetration and downhole shock in coiled tubing drilling. A variational autoencoder framework is introduced for diagnosing resistivity tool anomalies to support reliable geosteering. Subsequent chapters examine the use of deep autoencoders and separation networks to improve electromagnetic telemetry signals. This book also details synthetic data driven models combined with physics-based degradation approaches to forecast the remaining useful life of drilling equipment. Hybrid strategies for generating synthetic data are discussed to extend model training in scenarios with limited failure records. Each chapter blends technical insights with real-world case studies, demonstrating how these methods reduce non-productive time, improve tool reliability, and strengthen decision making in drilling operations.

This book addresses the issues related to the operation of underground gas storage facilities (UGSF). A geomechanical approach has been developed to investigate the deformation processes in an UGSF reservoir during the cyclic gas injection and withdrawal. It has been established that the stress state of the reservoir as a whole, changing with cyclic changes in reservoir, has a significant impact on the mechanical processes in the bottom hole zone (BHZ).Calculations of the stresses occurring in BHZ have been carried out for both uniform and non-uniform natural stress fields. The orientation of horizontal wells relative to the principal axes of the original natural stress field has been considered.Physical modeling of deformation and filtration processes in BHZ of UGSF wells during gas injection and withdrawal has been conducted using a unique Triaxial Independent Loading Test System (TILTS). In these experiments, real three-dimensional stress states were created in the rock specimens arising in BHZ as result of change pressure in the well and reservoir pressure. A significant distinguishing feature of the developed geomechanical approach is the consideration of the dependence of reservoir rocks filtration characteristics on the stresses. This dependence is determined experimentally during physical modeling on the TILTS simulating real deformation processes in the UGSF wells during gas injection/withdrawal. A methodology has been developed to assess the possibility and method of enhancing the permeability of reservoir rocks by creating stresses of required type and level in the BHZ, particularly through the effective application of the DUR method.The results of experimental studies on the deformation and strength properties of reservoir rocks of specific UGSFs are presented. During experiments using the "hollow cylinder" scheme on specimens of weakly cemented sandstones, a non-typical strength anisotropy was discovered. This type of anisotropy can cause directed in two opposite directions breakouts on walls of well drilled in the reservoir with a uniform natural stress field. The potential manifestation of this discovered type of strength anisotropy in the rocks must be considered when designing and operating wells to prevent failure and sand production, as well as during the analysis of well measurements.The developed geomechanical approach and the physical and mathematical modeling of deformation and filtration processes in BHZ based on it allow for predictive recommendations to ensure the optimal operation of UGSFs, the stability of wellbores, maximum allowable pressure drawdowns, well flow rates, and the prevention of sand production at the studied UGSF.The book will be of interest to students, postgraduate students, scientists and specialists in the oil and gas industry.

This book presents the essential principles and applications of seismic oil-exploration techniques. It concisely covers all stages in exploration activities (data field acquisition, data processing and interpretation), supplementing the main text with a wealth of (>350) illustrations and figures. The book concentrates on the physics of the applied principles, avoiding intricate mathematical treatment and lengthy theoretical reasoning. A further prominent feature is the inclusion of a separate chapter on 3D surveying techniques and another, equally important chapter on seismic digital signals and the aliasing problem, which is presented in an accessible form.The book is designed to meet the needs of both the academic and industrial worlds. University students and employees of oil-exploration companies alike will find the book to be a valuable resource.