Babesch Supplements – serie

Obwohl das Bild der frühen Kaiserzeit in vielen städten Kleinasiens durch neue Untersuchungsergebnisse in den letzten Jahren wesentlich bereichert wurde und erkennen läßt, das diese Epoche für die Städte Kleinasiens zu weitreichenden und grundlegenden Veränderungen führte, wurde bislang kaum versucht diesen Wandel in seiner Eigenart zu erfassen. Hierzu wurde im November 1998 ein internationales und interdisziplinäres Kolloquium in Köln veranstaltet.Die Beiträge zu Themen des öffentlichen Raums widmeten sich sowohl einzelnen Orten und Gebieten, als auch bestimmten Monumenttypen, um spezifische von strukturellen Aspekten der Neuerungen trennen zu können. Hierbei fällt eine später nicht mehr nachweisbare Vielfalt an Gestaltungsformen auf, die sich teilweise auf das hohe Engagement von einzelnen Persönlichkeiten in den jeweiligen Städten zurückführen läßt. Weitere grundlegende Neuerungen zeichneten sich in der Sachkultur der privaten Lebenssphäre ab.Insgesamt erwies sich der monolinear verstandene Begriff "Romanisierung" Kleinasiens als nicht zutreffend. Stattdessen zeichnet die neue, vielfältige Provinzialkultur aus, daß in ihr römische mit einheimischen bzw. griechischen Traditionen, Kommunikations- und Lebensformen zu einer neuen vitalen Einheit verschmolzen.

Diese Sammlung der Schriften von Conrad M. Stibbe erscheint zu Ehren des Achtzigjährigen, zum Nutzen der Forschung und zur Freude der Liebhaber der griechischen Kultur, wie die Herausgeber hoffen und erwarten. Es handelt sich um zwölf Aufsätze (und eine Buchbesprechung), die alle, jeder in zeiner spezifischen Zielsetzung, einen substanziellen Beitrag zum Verständnis einer Kunstepoche leisten. Diese Epoche, die archaische, die auf weiten Strecken noch unerforscht und manchmal als Tummelplatz entgegengesetzter Meinungen in der Forschung erscheint, bietet schon deshalbe aufregende Perspektiven.

The articles in this publication are presentations given during and offered to the Colloquium Material Aspects of Etruscan Religion, organised by the Faculty of Archaeology of Leiden University on 29 and 30 May 2008. They shed much new light upon religious aspects of sanctuaries, cities, settlements, necropoles, and tombs in Etruria, in the Po valley and in Campania. Also several, hitherto unpublished artefacts with ritual representations are commented on. A new analysis of the role, gestures and instruments of haruspices (divination experts) suggests that Etruscan divination is of Near Eastern origin. Interdisciplinary research on the function of litui proves that this curved staff of priests (but not of seers) probably originates also from the Near East. Finally, the religious background of Etruscan theatrical plays, always related to historical events in Roman history, is analysed.This BABESCH Supplement casts light on Etruscan gods, the process of anthropomorphisation, the cults, votive deposits, the cult places, also in necropoles, architectural decoration of temples and the relationship with representations on vases in the Faliscan border area of Etruria, rituals, and attributes of seers and priests. Further a new typology of altars is included. Extremely important are the results of very recent excavations in Tarquinia, at Gravisca, a multicultural harbour sanctuary near Tarquinia, at Marzabotto and several other places. The introduction sketches the main lines of the development of Etruscan religion with references to the contents of the colloquium papers.

During the last forty odd years, archaeological surveys have demonstrated that much can be said about changing patterns of regional exchange and settlement hierarchies based on surface observations. Walking the Mediterranean landscape, the most common indication of ancient human activity survey archaeologists come across are scatters of pottery and other ceramics. Enormous numbers of sherds are counted, collected, recorded, and interpreted in order to understand the ancient cultural, social, economic, and ritual landscapes. Some discrete scatters of ancient artefacts are interpreted as sites where people have lived and/or worked based on an analysis of both cultural and environmental data. These artefact scatters are modern phenomena affected by complex post-depositional processes such as cultivation which obscure potentional behavioural patterning. Artefact-based survey with its treatment of artefacts behaving as sediments in the soil enhanced with a detailed pottery analysis centred on use has the potential to greatly increase our understanding of the ancient rural world. This book offers an attempt to create a methodology for hypothesizing about the general activities taking place at sites identified by survey based on ceramics. The use typology is put forward as a tool for studying artefactual differentiation, and the method consists of establishing empirically generalized pottery indices of different human activities based on artefactual differentiation at Late Roman sites in Cyprus.

In this study we have thoroughly documented the various decorations of walls and vaults in the building underneath the Baths of Trajan. This edifice was part of Nero's Domus Aurea, situated in the Augustan Regio III alongside the southern slope of the Colle Oppio in the modern Parco delle Terme di Traiano. This building was a large pavilion within Nero's properties which extended over the Oppius and Esquiline hills. It was built after the Great Fire of July AD 64, which devastated a large part of the centre of Rome and gave the Emperor the occasion to fulfill a long-fostered wish, i.e. that of connecting his properties (forming more or less a series of horti) with the official palace on the Palatine. It has a depth of 55 to 60 metres and its actual length is around two hundred metres. Some hundred and fifty rooms have been preserved. The height of the rooms varies between ten and eleven metres.

Am Beginn der Vorbereitungsarbeiten für dieses Symposium stand die Idee, eine neue Auszeichnungskategorie für historische Wasserleitungen zu schaffen. Da die Idee ihren Ausgangspunkt in Wien hatte, fand das Symposium auch in Wien statt und der Titel der Veranstaltung lautete daher “Historische Wasserleitungen. Gestern – Heute – Morgen“. Ein besonderer Aspekt dieser internationalen Tagung sollte die Berücksichtigung der denkmalgerechten und betriebssicheren Erhaltung der vorgestellten Bauten sein. Erwünscht waren einerseits Beiträge zu beispielhaft erhaltenen historischen Wasserleitungen, die heute zumindest teilweise noch in Betrieb sind und zur Wasserversorgung verwendet werden und andererseits Fallbeispiele historischer Wasserleitungen, die unter Einbeziehung kultur-touristischer Aspekte besonders gut präsentiert sind oder es wert wären, besonders gut präsentiert zu werden. Die Tagung fand im Oktober 2011 statt und obwohl sich als Abschluss der Tagung ein eigener Workshop, an dem Vertreter von ECOVAST (European Council of the Village and Small Town) und der Frontinus-Gesellschaft teilnahmen, mit der Schaffung eines Awards für historische Wasserleitungen auseinandersetzte, gibt es bisher dazu noch keine Fortschritte. Die 22 Vorträge der Tagung liegen aber nun in diesem Band vor. Der Festvortrag nach der Eröffnung im feierlichen Rahmen zwischen den Partherreliefs des Ephesos Museums beschäftigte sich mit dem Namenspaten der Frontinus-Gesellschaft, Sextus Iulius Frontinus, der um 100 n.Chr. curator aquarum von Rom war und als solcher mit einem modernen CEO (Chief Executive Officer) verglichen wird. Einer der Höhepunkte der Tagung war die Verleihung der Frontinus-Medaille an Prof. Fanny Del Chicca in Würdigung ihrer beispielhaften wissenschaftlichen Leistung, die sie mit ihrem Buch “Frontino, De aquaeductu Urbis Romae, Introduzione, testo critico, traduzione e commento“ erbracht hat. Ausgehend von den historischen Wasserleitungen in Wien von der Römerzeit bis zur zweiten Hochquellen-wasserleitung spannt sich der Bogen der Beiträge topographisch von Usbekistan, über Syrien, Türkei, Österreich, Deutschland, Italien, Spanien und Portugal bis nach Südamerika und zeitlich von den Hethitern über die Römer bis ins 20. Jahrhundert. Dabei wurden die Aquädukte des Römischen Reiches gleichermaßen behandelt wie die Wasserleitungen des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit. Drei Beiträge befassen sich mit Wassertürmen als Teil von Wasserleitungen, weitere Beiträge gibt es zu mit einem Nymphäum, zu Mühlen und zur Wasserversorgung privater Nutzer. Und jeder Beitrag geht in irgendeiner Form mehr oder weniger auf den Zustand der Wasserleitungen und deren Erhaltungswürdigkeit ein, auch wenn es nicht immer einfach ist diese Bauwerke tatsächlich zu erhalten, weil sie großteils nicht mehr in Betrieb sind. Im Anhang wird die Bedeutung von Sinteranalysen bei der Erforschung von Aquädukten erörtert. Damit liegt ein weiterer interessanter Band zu historischen Wasserbauten vor.

The present volume is the fifth publication of a Frontinus-conference edited by Gilbert Wiplinger as a BABESCH supplement volume on historical water science. At the place of activity of Sextus Iulius Frontinus as curator aquarum and the capital of the Roman Empire it was probably one of the most important and challenging events of this congress series. For the first time a new path was taken, as the organizer and publisher wanted to approach the topic water from the artistic side. This was realized in the opening lecture with the presentation of a novel in which Frontinus plays the main character and a photo exhibition at the Austrian Historical Institute about the integration of the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Anio Novus in the new building of the waterworks of Limburg (Holland). In eight sections 33 contributions are published in this volume. The first section deals with the different approaches to the topic of water. The second section is dedicated to the award of the Frontinus Medal to Hubertus Manderscheid, who was honoured during the conference for his fundamental research on the history of ancient water supply over many decades. The third section is dedicated to the aqueducts of Rome. After a general introduction, Colle Papese in Tivoli, the Aqua Alsietina and the distribution of the Aqua Claudia and Anio Novus within the city were discussed. The next section was devoted to aqueducts and water supply outside of Rome, presenting Pompeii, Tauromenion (Italy), Spalato (Croatia), Parion, the Şirince Aqueduct of Ephesus, Syedra (Turkey), Gerasa (Jordan), Sepphoris (Israel) and the pre-desert areas along the African Limes. The topic of the fifth section are toilets and baths: the toilets of Rome, the latrines of the baths of Caracalla, public baths in Late Antique Rome and the Roman baths of Parion (Turkey). Fountains was the topic of the sixth section with supply devices and water effects in Roman Imperial nymphaea, a fountain of a triclinium near the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, fountains in the Terrace Houses of Ephesus and the multi-sensory effects of water in Roman and Late Antique elite houses. The seventh section deals with hydraulic engineering: Frontinus' quinaria, the Nîmes aqueduct and castellum and planning and building an aqueduct without the use of surveying instruments. In the last section various topics were summarized with the feeling of water in Trajanian times, downdrains in Ostia and water machines in Medieval Arabic texts. The conference programme was impressively complemented by several full-day and half-day excursions. It offered the opportunity to visit monuments that are otherwise not accessible to the public. Once again it became clear that neither a lecture, nor a publication or pictures can replace the encounter with real archaeological findings. The presentation of new research results on ancient hydraulic engineering and the enhancement of knowledge by visiting comparative examples on site is the declared aim of this conference series.

Sicily, with its abundant presence of historical waterworks, served as background for the 10th international conference on the history of water management and hydraulic engineering in the Mediterranean region in May 1998.The conference addressed five themes as a basis for discussion and as a stimulus for new debate and for finding new directions for research. The first topic dealt with the conditions imposed by nature, their influence upon human behaviour and, consequently, the development of water management. The tangible results of human responses to these parameters set by nature were the subject of the second and third theme respectively, that is to say, on the building of aquaducts and the water management of Roman baths. Themes four and five went beyond a mere examination of the archaeological realia: they dealt with the questions whether there was a water shortage or a water surplus in Roman cities and whether the Romans had a hygienic lifestyle. These issues were tabled in order to improve our understanding of the context of ancient water management.These proceedings contain the papers given at the conference, many of them presenting cases from Sicily. There are contributions by archaeologists, historians, geologists, hydraulic engineers and urban historians, all specialists in the field of historical water research. The volume is richly illustrated.

Geoarchaeology, narrowly defined, is the use of the concepts, methods, and knowledge base of the earth sciences in the direct solution of archaeological problems. In the past, a majority of geoarchaeological researches have been concerned with the pre- and protohistorian phases of Man's antiquity. During the last two decades, however many regional archaeological surveys, which have procured data about settlement behaviour and forms of land use in ancient Greek and Roman times, have more and more integrated geomorphologic studies in their research. It seems that now also many scholars of the classical past are convinced that to tackle problems and questions concerning rural site formation processes, surface visibility, ancient land division, settlement location, etc. we need to fully integrate geomorphology and other earth sciences in the objectives and approach. In the present proceedings one may find contributions from many different areas, ranging from west to east, from Spain over Belgium and France, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Turkey, southern Russia to Jordan.The range of applications include amongst others: GIS studies, aerial photography, stereoscopic very high resolution satellite imagery, stratigraphic analysis, palynology, artefact distribution analysis, total station surveying techniques, road network and cadastre analysis, site degradation studies, coastline reconstruction and erosion studies.

This volume is the outcome of the first conference to take place on the topic of Greek baths and bathing culture, a central but hitherto neglected area in the field of ancient studies. Fifteen papers by an international group of archaeologists, art historians and ancient historians discuss Greek bathing culture from a socio-historical and cultural-anthropological perspective, resulting in a comprehensive reassessment that elucidates the sophistication of both the architecture and the culture of bathing throughout the Greek world. Individual papers examine bathing in the context of science, medicine and the cultural discourses coded in images on vases, while the majority focus on the archaeological evidence itself, as the crucial component in this reassessment that removes Greek baths from the traditional category of ‘primitive predecessors’ to Roman baths. From Greece and Egypt in the east, to Sicily, southern Italy and France in the west, new information from recent excavations is brought to bear on a wide range of related issues, including urban contexts, regional variations in experimental design and construction, innovations in technology, and the social meaning of the rise of bathing culture in the Hellenistic period. This better understanding of Greek baths adds a crucial element to the much debated question of the relationship between Greek and Roman bathing culture. This book also provides the first comprehensive catalog of all known Greek public baths (balaneia), including descriptions, plans and bibliographies, as a major reference tool for future comparative research on ancient bathing culture and beyond. catalog and papers combined make this a rich study of a topic of newly recognized significance in the ancient world.