BDJ Clinician’s Guides – serie
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34 produkter
34 produkter
Häftad, Engelska, 2019
1 453 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a state of the art clinical guide to contemporary materials and techniques for the restoration of individual teeth and implants. It fully reflects the important developments in the field over the past 15 years, including in particular the shift away from wholesale use of crowns towards adhesive dentistry and less invasive extra-coronal restorations. The book opens by considering the principles and evidence base relating to the longevity of restorations of teeth and implants. Importantly, it explains how to ensure “a healthy start” and manage future risks. Material choice and aesthetic issues are then discussed, before all aspects of the planning and provision of extra-coronal restorations are examined in depth. The coverage also includes the adaptation of crowns to existing partial dentures. In line with modern dental education, each chapter begins with clinically relevant learning objectives, and helpful clinical tips are highlighted. The book will be of value for seniordental undergraduates, postgraduates, and practicing dentists and its scientific content will be of interest to dental academics.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2019
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This guide to fixed appliance-based orthodontics is designed to serve as a comprehensive ‘how to’ manual. With the aid of a wealth of superb illustrations, instruction is provided on all aspects of fixed appliance treatment, including bracket placement and positioning, archwire selection and engagement, use of auxiliaries, placement of fixed retainers, and wire bending. The supporting text presents important information underpinning the selection of attachments and mechanics, emphasising the relative merits and demerits of the various approaches with appropriate use of key referencing. It will offer detailed support on the use of fixed orthodontic appliances for undergraduates and postgraduates and those starting with practical orthodontic treatments, while providing a valuable refresher and reference for more experienced clinicians.
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
730 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This guide to fixed appliance-based orthodontics is designed to serve as a comprehensive ‘how to’ manual. With the aid of a wealth of superb illustrations, instruction is provided on all aspects of fixed appliance treatment, including bracket placement and positioning, archwire selection and engagement, use of auxiliaries, placement of fixed retainers, and wire bending. The supporting text presents important information underpinning the selection of attachments and mechanics, emphasising the relative merits and demerits of the various approaches with appropriate use of key referencing. It will offer detailed support on the use of fixed orthodontic appliances for undergraduates and postgraduates and those starting with practical orthodontic treatments, while providing a valuable refresher and reference for more experienced clinicians.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2019
1 453 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is an up-to-date guide to the diagnosis and management of the oral and orofacial conditions that may be encountered by dentists in primary care. Now in its fourth edition, the book has been completely restructured to provide a clinical signs and symptoms approach to disease that will enhance the ability of clinicians to establish the correct diagnosis. This is achieved by the lavish use of high-quality colour clinical illustrations that cover the full spectrum of conditions seen most frequently in the dental surgery. In addition, contemporary information on patient management is presented in a clear and reader-friendly style. The book provides the clinician with an extremely useful tool for clinical diagnosis and delivery of the highest quality patient care. The contents are of direct relevance to all members of the dental team, not only in general practice but also in specialist settings.
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
1 008 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is an up-to-date guide to the diagnosis and management of the oral and orofacial conditions that may be encountered by dentists in primary care. Now in its fourth edition, the book has been completely restructured to provide a clinical signs and symptoms approach to disease that will enhance the ability of clinicians to establish the correct diagnosis. This is achieved by the lavish use of high-quality colour clinical illustrations that cover the full spectrum of conditions seen most frequently in the dental surgery. In addition, contemporary information on patient management is presented in a clear and reader-friendly style. The book provides the clinician with an extremely useful tool for clinical diagnosis and delivery of the highest quality patient care. The contents are of direct relevance to all members of the dental team, not only in general practice but also in specialist settings.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2019
1 565 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is an easy-to-use guide to all aspects of infection control and decontamination that will support the implementation of effective measures for risk reduction in dental practice. Among the topics addressed are the principles and practicalities of cleaning and sterilizing dental instruments, the role of personal protective equipment, the design and use of decontamination rooms, choice of dental equipment, environmental disinfection, and considerations relating to dental unit water lines. In addition, readers will find an informative and helpful section on the background history and basic science of infection control within dentistry. Infection Control in Primary Dental Care will be very useful for all members of the dental team, including dentists, dental nurses or assistants, dental hygienists, and therapists. The book is illustrated with photographs, diagrams, and tables to aid understanding and encourage good practice. The authors have a background in microbiology anddental practice and have extensive experience of providing advice and guidance to professional colleagues on infection control procedures.
Häftad, Engelska, 2020
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is an easy-to-use guide to all aspects of infection control and decontamination that will support the implementation of effective measures for risk reduction in dental practice. Among the topics addressed are the principles and practicalities of cleaning and sterilizing dental instruments, the role of personal protective equipment, the design and use of decontamination rooms, choice of dental equipment, environmental disinfection, and considerations relating to dental unit water lines. In addition, readers will find an informative and helpful section on the background history and basic science of infection control within dentistry. Infection Control in Primary Dental Care will be very useful for all members of the dental team, including dentists, dental nurses or assistants, dental hygienists, and therapists. The book is illustrated with photographs, diagrams, and tables to aid understanding and encourage good practice. The authors have a background in microbiology anddental practice and have extensive experience of providing advice and guidance to professional colleagues on infection control procedures.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2021
1 676 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a practical, comprehensive guide to the management of children and adolescents in general dental practice. A logical, evidence-based approach to oral health is adopted throughout. The commonly encountered oral and dental problems and their diagnosis and treatment are covered in detail, with particular attention to dental caries, dental trauma, developmental anomalies, periodontal problems, and soft tissue conditions. Up-to-date guidance is provided on history taking, dental examination, preventive strategies and advanced behaviour management. In addition the relevance of common medical conditions to dental management is discussed. The book is divided into four sections, each of which focusses on a specific age group, helping the reader to relate clinical issues to the different dental developmental stages. The readily understandable text is supported by many informative colour illustrations and diagrams.
Häftad, Engelska, 2022
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a practical, comprehensive guide to the management of children and adolescents in general dental practice. A logical, evidence-based approach to oral health is adopted throughout. The commonly encountered oral and dental problems and their diagnosis and treatment are covered in detail, with particular attention to dental caries, dental trauma, developmental anomalies, periodontal problems, and soft tissue conditions. Up-to-date guidance is provided on history taking, dental examination, preventive strategies and advanced behaviour management. In addition the relevance of common medical conditions to dental management is discussed. The book is divided into four sections, each of which focusses on a specific age group, helping the reader to relate clinical issues to the different dental developmental stages. The readily understandable text is supported by many informative colour illustrations and diagrams.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2021
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book guides through all essentials in the field of periodontology including the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common periodontal conditions. Now in its 4th edition, this fully updated version marks the 25th anniversary of the first edition. It discusses the developments in classification while maintaining a no-nonsense logical approach to what many people find a complex subject. The book will help clinicians acquire and maintain the knowledge and skill to treat the many patients encountered in day-to-day practice. It covers the scientific background of periodontal-systemic disease interactions, the clinical application of periodontal surgery and the management of multi-rooted teeth. With newly incorporated supplementary information, the book will be a helpful source for general dentist, dental students, dental hygienists and even for postgraduate students.
Häftad, Engelska, 2022
897 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book guides through all essentials in the field of periodontology including the pathology, diagnosis, and treatment of the most common periodontal conditions. Now in its 4th edition, this fully updated version marks the 25th anniversary of the first edition. It discusses the developments in classification while maintaining a no-nonsense logical approach to what many people find a complex subject. The book will help clinicians acquire and maintain the knowledge and skill to treat the many patients encountered in day-to-day practice. It covers the scientific background of periodontal-systemic disease interactions, the clinical application of periodontal surgery and the management of multi-rooted teeth. With newly incorporated supplementary information, the book will be a helpful source for general dentist, dental students, dental hygienists and even for postgraduate students.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2022
1 676 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book considers occlusion within the different disciplines of clinical dentistry, taking into account the challenges specific to each, in order to develop guidelines of good occlusal practice (GGOP). The GGOP for each discipline has benefited from an authoritative contribution of a recognised specialist in that field. Readers will find full description of what constitutes good occlusal practice in, for example, simple and advanced restorative dentistry, removable prosthodontics, the restoration of the worn dentition and implantology. It is clearly explained why and how the GGOP differ in the various branches of dentistry, the key point being that it is the support for the occlusal surfaces that determines GGOP. One of the foundations of this work is that an occlusion can only be judged by the tissue reactions to it: there is no such thing as an intrinsically bad occlusion or malocclusion. Today it remains the case that many dentistsfeel that occlusion represents an important gap in their knowledge; indeed, some qualify with little more than the belief that “occlusion is important”. Their vulnerability in this area of clinical practice is confirmed when early cases fail to go as well as hoped. In providing comprehensive guidance on good occlusal practice in different contexts, this book will be of value for a wide range of dental practitioners.
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book considers occlusion within the different disciplines of clinical dentistry, taking into account the challenges specific to each, in order to develop guidelines of good occlusal practice (GGOP). The GGOP for each discipline has benefited from an authoritative contribution of a recognised specialist in that field. Readers will find full description of what constitutes good occlusal practice in, for example, simple and advanced restorative dentistry, removable prosthodontics, the restoration of the worn dentition and implantology. It is clearly explained why and how the GGOP differ in the various branches of dentistry, the key point being that it is the support for the occlusal surfaces that determines GGOP. One of the foundations of this work is that an occlusion can only be judged by the tissue reactions to it: there is no such thing as an intrinsically bad occlusion or malocclusion. Today it remains the case that many dentistsfeel that occlusion represents an important gap in their knowledge; indeed, some qualify with little more than the belief that “occlusion is important”. Their vulnerability in this area of clinical practice is confirmed when early cases fail to go as well as hoped. In providing comprehensive guidance on good occlusal practice in different contexts, this book will be of value for a wide range of dental practitioners.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2022
1 676 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book, now in an extensively revised third edition, is a superbly illustrated and authoritative reference on tooth wear and its management. Tooth wear is becoming an increasing problem as people are living longer and keeping their teeth for longer, with recent UK surveys showing that at least 75% of adults and more than 50% of children now have some form of identifiable tooth wear. This latest edition addresses this growing challenge by describing practical clinical techniques that will aid identification of the aetiological factors responsible for erosion, attrition and abrasion and by offering guidance in the planning and delivery of appropriate patient care. Readers will find helpful information on difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and prevention of tooth wear, problems associated with controlling the process and strategies for providing management solutions. Alongside thorough updates of the original chapters, this new expanded edition includes several entirelynew chapters from highly regarded clinicians and researchers from the UK and Europe. This essential clinical guide will meet the needs of dental professionals and dental students alike.
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book, now in an extensively revised third edition, is a superbly illustrated and authoritative reference on tooth wear and its management. Tooth wear is becoming an increasing problem as people are living longer and keeping their teeth for longer, with recent UK surveys showing that at least 75% of adults and more than 50% of children now have some form of identifiable tooth wear. This latest edition addresses this growing challenge by describing practical clinical techniques that will aid identification of the aetiological factors responsible for erosion, attrition and abrasion and by offering guidance in the planning and delivery of appropriate patient care. Readers will find helpful information on difficulties encountered in the diagnosis and prevention of tooth wear, problems associated with controlling the process and strategies for providing management solutions. Alongside thorough updates of the original chapters, this new expanded edition includes several entirelynew chapters from highly regarded clinicians and researchers from the UK and Europe. This essential clinical guide will meet the needs of dental professionals and dental students alike.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2022
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a concise guide to the correct diagnosis and management of dental pain and anxiety. It covers psychology theories about pain, dentine sensitivity, hypersensitivity and cracked tooth syndrome. Chronic pain, temporomandibular disorders and local anesthesia are discussed, and optimal medical and perioperative pain management explained. The book is written by leading experts in the field and provides an up to date, pragmatic perspective on optimizing pain and anxiety management in the dental patient. It includes an overview of differential diagnoses of non-odontogenic orofacial pain. As well as meeting the needs of dentists, the book will be a “must read” for whole dental team.
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
897 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a concise guide to the correct diagnosis and management of dental pain and anxiety. It covers psychology theories about pain, dentine sensitivity, hypersensitivity and cracked tooth syndrome. Chronic pain, temporomandibular disorders and local anesthesia are discussed, and optimal medical and perioperative pain management explained. The book is written by leading experts in the field and provides an up to date, pragmatic perspective on optimizing pain and anxiety management in the dental patient. It includes an overview of differential diagnoses of non-odontogenic orofacial pain. As well as meeting the needs of dentists, the book will be a “must read” for whole dental team.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2023
1 565 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book provides the why, what and how on delivering a sustainable dental practice. Dentists have a professional duty to support optimal oral health. They also have a moral duty to do so in a way that leaves the smallest footprint on this planet and takes their impacts on the environment and society into account. This book helps the reader to develop a sustainable practice, driven by prevention and delivering the right care at the right time and at the right place, within systems of universal, needs-based access to care.Readers learn how to opt for a practice that is supplied with sustainable energy and encourages biodiversity while building models of care that maximize remote patient engagement and avoid travel. Clear guidance is given on responsible decontamination, waste management and environmentally sensitive ways of managing people with anxiety or behavioural difficulties within the dental setting. The future of dentistry products and innovations to reduce environmental impacts in the dental practice are discussed. This book is a must-have for dentists, dental students and all members of the dental team.
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book provides the why, what and how on delivering a sustainable dental practice. Dentists have a professional duty to support optimal oral health. They also have a moral duty to do so in a way that leaves the smallest footprint on this planet and takes their impacts on the environment and society into account. This book helps the reader to develop a sustainable practice, driven by prevention and delivering the right care at the right time and at the right place, within systems of universal, needs-based access to care.Readers learn how to opt for a practice that is supplied with sustainable energy and encourages biodiversity while building models of care that maximize remote patient engagement and avoid travel. Clear guidance is given on responsible decontamination, waste management and environmentally sensitive ways of managing people with anxiety or behavioural difficulties within the dental setting. The future of dentistry products and innovations to reduce environmental impacts in the dental practice are discussed. This book is a must-have for dentists, dental students and all members of the dental team.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2022
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book aims to provide the dental team with an improved understanding of management of the oral health needs of the ageing population, in whom increasing cognitive, medical and physical disabilities impact significantly on oral health and dental care needs. All significant aspects of caring for older people are covered. The nature and implications of changing demographics are explained and information provided on common medical co-morbidities and the impact of cognitive conditions, including dementia, on dental treatment. The changing pattern of dental disease in older people is clearly described, with explanation of the consequences of these changes for aspects of restorative dentistry, oral medicine, and oral surgery. Advice is given on considerations for dental treatment planning, including the importance of prevention and utilization of dental care professionals. Provision of care for older people under general anaesthesia or sedation and domiciliary care are also covered. The book is written by specialist practicing clinicians and delivers information in an accessible way with a person-centered approach.
Häftad, Engelska, 2023
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book aims to provide the dental team with an improved understanding of management of the oral health needs of the ageing population, in whom increasing cognitive, medical and physical disabilities impact significantly on oral health and dental care needs. All significant aspects of caring for older people are covered. The nature and implications of changing demographics are explained and information provided on common medical co-morbidities and the impact of cognitive conditions, including dementia, on dental treatment. The changing pattern of dental disease in older people is clearly described, with explanation of the consequences of these changes for aspects of restorative dentistry, oral medicine, and oral surgery. Advice is given on considerations for dental treatment planning, including the importance of prevention and utilization of dental care professionals. Provision of care for older people under general anaesthesia or sedation and domiciliary care are also covered. The book is written by specialist practicing clinicians and delivers information in an accessible way with a person-centered approach.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2023
1 676 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This superbly illustrated book gives a comprehensive introduction to CBCT and its use for diagnosis of dental conditions and treatment planning in the dental practice. After an introductory chapter on the basics of CBCT scans, detailed description is provided on dental anatomic structures and their appearance on CBCT. Various common dental diseases are shown and discussed, as well as signs of malignancy. The book will arm the reader with fundamental knowledge of the radiological appearance of dento-alveolar anatomy and provide guidance on the interpretation of artefacts, disease and some well-known anatomical variations. While it is intended primarily for dentists, this book will be of high value for multiple other health care professionals including medical radiologists.Videos via app: download the SN More Media app for free, scan a link with play button and access videos directly on your smartphone or tablet.
Häftad, Engelska, 2024
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This superbly illustrated book gives a comprehensive introduction to CBCT and its use for diagnosis of dental conditions and treatment planning in the dental practice. After an introductory chapter on the basics of CBCT scans, detailed description is provided on dental anatomic structures and their appearance on CBCT. Various common dental diseases are shown and discussed, as well as signs of malignancy. The book will arm the reader with fundamental knowledge of the radiological appearance of dento-alveolar anatomy and provide guidance on the interpretation of artefacts, disease and some well-known anatomical variations. While it is intended primarily for dentists, this book will be of high value for multiple other health care professionals including medical radiologists.Videos via app: download the SN More Media app for free, scan a link with play button and access videos directly on your smartphone or tablet.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2023
2 455 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book, designed to meet the needs of clinicians and now in an extensively revised second edition, clearly explains the rationale and technique for the rehabilitation of fully edentulous patients utilizing traditional graftless concepts as well as zygomatic implant strategies when posterior support cannot be achieved by the former means. Considerations relevant to treatment planning and the biomechanics of immediate loading and zygomatic implants are first discussed. The techniques for placement of traditional tilted and zygomatic implants and for immediate loading of a full arch restoration are then described step by step. Detailed information and guidance are also provided on the different materials available for full arch restorations, laboratory aspects of the definitive restoration, maintenance of restorations, and management of prosthetic and surgical complications. The book concludes with a helpful series of clinical cases. Graftless Solutions for theEdentulous Patient is designed particularly for clinicians with experience in placing and restoring dental implants.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This well-illustrated book is primarily designed as a practical guide to dental implantology for general dental practitioners who do not routinely place or restore dental implants but also for those who do. It explains the importance of appropriate case selection and treatment planning, examines the risks and benefits of implant care, and discusses immediate placement, immediate loading and delayed placement protocols. Basic surgical and restorative (fixed and removable) options including digital and CADCAM workstreams are outlined. Issues around implant maintenance implant superstructure repair and remakes and implant removal are also covered. This book, written by recognised experts on the subject, will enable dentists with limited implant knowledge to discuss implant procedures with patients and to carry out routine surveillance and repair of dental implants. It will also be of value as a learning aid for under- and postgraduate students.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2024
1 787 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book outlines a comprehensive interdisciplinary practice philosophy designed for developing the foundation of optimal diagnosis and treatment planning in implant dentistry. Each chapter will have a comprehensive literature review followed by diagnosis, treatment planning and comprehensive patient case presentations. The goal of modern implant dentistry is no longer represented solely by successful osseointegration. In order to claim success, the definitive restorations must be surrounded by a soft and hard tissue environment in harmony with the existing dentition. This book focuses on analogue and digital workflows from single tooth to full mouth. It discusses the approach of interdisciplinary therapy which involves the combination of knowledge, skills, and experience of all the disciplines of dentistry. Information on the rationale for dental implants and surgical guidelines is provided as well as on the biomechanics of occlusion and the medical evaluation of the implant patient. Subsequent chapters cover treatment planning in the aesthetic zone, impression techniques and scanning, the role of orthodontics in implant dentistry, and screw and cemented restorations. Implant maintenance and failures and complications are discussed in the final part of this book, which is a valuable resource for a wide range of practitioners.
Häftad, Engelska, 2025
1 342 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book outlines a comprehensive interdisciplinary practice philosophy designed for developing the foundation of optimal diagnosis and treatment planning in implant dentistry. Each chapter will have a comprehensive literature review followed by diagnosis, treatment planning and comprehensive patient case presentations. The goal of modern implant dentistry is no longer represented solely by successful osseointegration. In order to claim success, the definitive restorations must be surrounded by a soft and hard tissue environment in harmony with the existing dentition. This book focuses on analogue and digital workflows from single tooth to full mouth. It discusses the approach of interdisciplinary therapy which involves the combination of knowledge, skills, and experience of all the disciplines of dentistry. Information on the rationale for dental implants and surgical guidelines is provided as well as on the biomechanics of occlusion and the medical evaluation of the implant patient. Subsequent chapters cover treatment planning in the aesthetic zone, impression techniques and scanning, the role of orthodontics in implant dentistry, and screw and cemented restorations. Implant maintenance and failures and complications are discussed in the final part of this book, which is a valuable resource for a wide range of practitioners.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2025
1 120 kr
Skickas inom 5-8 vardagar
This book is a comprehensive collection of practical tips across a variety of specialties for the whole dental team. It includes hands-on advice collected over many years on the diagnosis, treatment, management, and care of the dental patient. The book starts with a section on core principals and fundamentals of restorative dentistry. The following sections discuss practical tips in the different disciplines of dentistry including endodontics, dental trauma, periodontics, orthodontics, paediatric dentistry, removable prosthodontics as well as oral surgery and implantology. The book concludes with a section on practice management and well-being. Written in an easy-to-understand practical way including key points for busy clinicians and many clinical images, this book is a valuable companion for undergraduate students, recently qualified dentists and all practicing dental team members.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
1 565 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book guides readers in the diagnosis and management of Temporomandibular Disorders (TMD), which commonly present in the dental setting. The book covers both functional anatomy and classification, as well as the psychological aspects of Temporomandibular Disorders. Detailed, practically oriented information is provided on examination protocols, including pain assessment and detection of TMD "red flags" in the patient’s history and examination. The central part of the text is dedicated to management and case histories. Readers will learn about the role of physical, psychological, pharmacological and surgical management strategies. This comprehensive guide equips the reader with a sound knowledge of TMD and is a must-have for all dental professionals involved in the care of TMD, especially general dental practitioners and early core trainees in dentistry.
Inbunden, Engelska, 2026
1 231 kr
Skickas inom 10-15 vardagar
This book is a compendium of minimally invasive adhesive techniques employed in Restorative Dentistry. The ten chapters provide detailed practically-oriented information on the full plethora of restorative techniques ranging from; dental bleaching of vital and non-vital units; the provision of composite resin bonding for functional optimisation and aesthetic enhancement; the management of tooth surface loss and the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. There are also dedicated chapters on the restoration of various cavity class forms; the replacement of teeth utilising adhesive techniques through resin bonded bridges and the management of commonly presenting occlusal problems.Readers will find clear and comprehensive explanations and stepwise clinical protocols for the delivery of direct and indirect adhesive restorations and their associated clinical procedures such as soft tissue management, optimising the adhesive bond and isolation techniques. Dental professionals will appreciate the wealth of clinical images that are a key part of the formulation of the book to educate and inform on both contemporary and traditional approaches to adhesive dentistry provision. Throughout, guidance is provided on appropriate case selection and the underlying science is explained whenever necessary. Written in an easy to understand practical manner the book will be of value for practitioners of all levels of experience, from undergraduate to experienced specialist practitioner as a source of learning or reference.