Bloomsbury Academic Collections: English Literary Criticism – serie

In the title essay, Professor Hardy argues for the special advantage of lyric over other other literary genres in conveying intense private feelings publicly. She then gives detailed consideraton to the lyric poetry of John Donne, Arthur Hugh Clough, and a group of poets central to the modernist canon: Hopkins, Yeats, Aden, Dylan Thomas, and Sylvia Plath. Those interested in W.H. Auden will find the book of particular value, since Auden occupies a central place in it. W.H. Auden has frequently been held up as the modern example par excellence of a 'public poet' whose works betray relatively little in the way of personal emotion. In the cahpters entitled 'The Reticence of W.H. Auden, Thirties to Sixties: A Face and a Map' barbara Hardy shows the inadequacy of that characterization and opens the way for a fresh appreciation of Auden's achievement as a poet. Readers interested in modern poetry genearlly and all readers acquainted with Barara Hardy's previous books will the book of importance.

In his time T.S. Eliot established a new critical orthodoxy by which no major modern critic in England or America remained unaffected, but a decade has passed since his death and a generation or more since his extraordinary influence was at its height. It has therefore seemed worth attempting a fresh historical revaluation of Eliot''s critical achievement and the nine distinguished scholars whom Dr Newton-De Molina approached responded readily to his invitation that they undertake such a project. Their essays range widely over the various aspects of Eliot''s critical activity and place it in the context not only of his endeavours as poet and dramatist but also of his formal training as a philosopher and of his conversion to Christianity. They contrast the early and later work (not forgetting Eliot''s own retrospective comments on the former), consider its relation to the English critical and poetic tradition, and seek to show in what ways criticism may derive new impetus from the example both of Eliot''s strengths and of his limitations.

‘There is a science of the aspects of things, as well as of their nature’ – if this dictum of Ruskin is central to his aims in Modern Painters it points also to the remarkable affinity of creative effort to record and to interpret the natural world that links him with Coleridge at the beginning and with Hopkins in the latter half of the nineteenth century. But the three writers stand in no simple relation of mere sequence and in this essay, which continues the exploration of the Romantic and Victorian imagination begun in her previous book, The Central Self, Dr Ball follows the complex interrelationships, clash and resolution of ideas by which a profound shift in nineteenth-century creative vision was effected.The notebooks and diaries of the three writers together with the literary work that grew out of or paralleled this material form the foundation for this illuminating essay, but Dr Ball’s enquiry is necessarily wide-ranging and branches into such wider questions as the whole critical theory of the pathetic fallacy and the influence on Coleridge, Ruskin and Hopkins of contemporary science and the visual arts.

This book is a study of ''Romantic Pantheism'' and its part in the development of the Romantic theory of the Imagination. The crucial point in the history of English Romanticism came when the philosophical concept of the ''active universe'' met the developing theory of the Imagination. In its leading sense, Imagination meant full response to, and implication with, the living qualities of natural objects. That is why it was able to assimilate and transform contemporary theories of merely passing interest into an important poetic approach to the universe.

Coriolanus has always attracted strong interest, whether seen as the last of Shakespeare''s tragedies, or as his most political play. In performance it has been constantly reinterpreted and has often strayed far from Shakespeare''s text.The Royal Shakespeare Company production, mounted by Terry Hands with Alan Howard in the title role, was acclaimed by audiences and critics in Stratford and London for its forcefulness and fidelity to Shakespeare''s play. David Daniell accompanied the Company on its subsequent tour in Europe where audiences were stimulated by this powerful production of a play that has a startling European history of heavy political adaptation.Living closely with the Company, David Daniell gained a remarkable standpoint for approaching the play and its performance as well as for drawing a fascinating account of a great theatre company on the move. His interpretation of the play and theatrical technique draws extensively on the experiences of the actors, other members of the company and its European hosts, audiences and critics.Coriolanus in Europe provides some penetrating insights into the problems and achievements of present-day theatre in general and of one outstanding Company in particular.

Admirers of the work of Sylvia Plath will welcome this new paperback edition of a study, first published by The Athlone Press in 1976, which provides coherent and persuasive readings of her poetry. Drawing upon the traditional skills of the literary critic, David Holbrook also deploys the illumination of both psychoanalysis and phenomenology in a pioneering work of literary, individual and cultural interpretation.

In devoting a whole book to Measure for Measure Miss Lascelles has expressed her conviction that in no other way can the sharp divisions of opinion which characterise recent criticism of the play be resolved. She considers that to continue discussing the large issues involved in the limited space of a single article or chapter is to continue to fail to take full account of the difficulties the reader or playgoer finds perplexing. Her study falls into three main sections. She begins by discussing other versions of the story in European literature that may have been known to Shakespeare, and the way in which they may be used to throw light on his intentions. Next, she undertakes a long and reflective analysis of the play’s successive phases. Finally, at the conclusion of this essential investigation of the evidence, she shows how it supports the view that the complexity of Measure for Measure is the necessary condition of its greatness.

In this substantial essay on the novel (first published in 1964) Barbara Hardy distinguishes three integral aspects of the art of fiction – story, the working-out of a moral problem, and “truthfulness”, defined as “the lively representation of reality”. From this standpoint she discusses and elucidates some characteristic excellences and limitations of a number of major novels and novelists, including Defoe, Charlotte Brontë, George Eliot, Meredith, James, Hardy, E. M. Forster, and D. H. Lawrence.

This collection of lectures, broadcasts, reviews, and articles (several of which have not previously been published) embraces many aspects of the English literary scene in the middle of the nineteenth century. Though various in origin the collection has this unity: it has been the constant concern of its authors for many years that the great and lasting contribution of the mid-Victorian period to our literature should be fully vindicated, and its appraisal based upon secure foundations of critical scholarship. The book has moreover an obvious connection with the volume on the mid-nineteenth century which the Tillotsons are preparing for the Oxford History of English Literature, though the items included here are not samples of that history but rather ''milestones, or halting places, in the several ways that lead towards it''. There are important studies of Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Tennyson, Clough, Matthew Arnold, and George Eliot. These, however, represent only one side of the book''s interest, for there are accounts of writers famous in their day, as Harriett Mozley and Charlotte M. Yonge, but since the cross-currents at work in the period, notably ''Writers and Readers in 1851'', which vividly convey much of the quality of the momentous years in which so many masterpieces were produced. At several points indeed the volume demonstrates that the truth about the literature of the nineteenth century, in distinction (for the most part) to that of earlier centuries, may be recovered complete.

The years between the publication of Mary Wollstonecraft’s Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) and of John Stuart Mill’s essay On the Subjection of Women (1869) – a crucial phase in the emancipation movement – also saw the emergence of England’s greatest women writers, whose response to the flux of new ideas as revealed in many outstanding works of fiction Dr Mews here examines. The central chapters of the book take the form of a perceptive and humane analysis of the way in which the greater women novelists conceived the role of women, on the one hand as young girls, wives and mothers, on the other as individuals standing alone in spinsterhood, as teachers or artists. The writers examined in detail are Fanny Burney, Maria Edgeworth, Jane Austen, the Brontë sisters, Elizabeth Gaskell, and George Eliot.Such a comprehensive study has not been attempted before. It throws light not only on the novel and the novelist in society but also on the transmutation of deeply felt experience into creative work.

It is a commonplace of Shakespeare criticism that he invented few of the plots of his plays and the sources he drew upon have been often and rewardingly studied. The emphasis of this book, however, is not on sources but on what may be called Shakespeare’s story-telling technique especially as seen in the articulation and pacing of events. Ranging widely through the canon, the book identifies characteristic problems and achievements which occur in the course of Shakespeare’s handling of his story material. Different aspects of Shakespeare’s treatment of, and attitude to, story are studied with reference groups of plays and, in two final chapters, essays on Hamlet and King Lear apply and extend the findings of the preceding discussions. The point of view adopted serves, above all, to bring out the vitality and resourcefulness of Shakespeare’s creative imagination, recognition of which must underpin all commentary but may easily be lost to sight in the increasing sophistication of criticism and scholarship.

A major interpretative account of Shakespeare''s play, this is a close scrutiny which will engage readers directly with the text and perfomance of the work. The Renaissance code of honor is seen to be of central importance to the character of the hero, his actions, and to the play as a whole; and, viewed in this light, there is fresh revelation of the character of Hamlet himslef and of the dramatic world of which he is a part. Mr. Dodsworth challenges the conventional and traditional reading of Hamlet at many points. But he enforces no single overall meaning and readers are encouraged to remain sensiive to their own individual understanding and response.

The study of Thackeray''s major fiction reconstructs the novelist''s working methods with the help of manuscript material, much of it previously unpublished. The book''s main argument is directed against the commonplace view that Thackeray was in some way a ''careless'' artist. Much that appears casual or unpremeditated in his work can in fact be explained by the mode of composition which he developed in response both to the publishing conditions of his age and to his own artistic temperament. An appreciation of Thackeray''s writing habits helps clear up much of the critical confusion which has surrounded his reputation in the last hundred years. A particular feature of interest in the book is the use made of Thackeray''s preparatory working materials. These were widely dispersed after the writer''s death and have never been comprehensively examined.

The aim of this book is to let us see our language as a living and developing human activity in a period of history which offers special advantages for the purpose. Miss Tucker’s method is to analyse in the course of a connected narrative a large, wide-ranging body of words and phrases from two principal points of view. In Part One, using as the basis of evidence and discussion a few representative critical journals, including those with which Johnson, Goldsmith, Smollett, and Burke were prominently associated, she asks how the eighteenth century looked at its own language: what, for example, it esteemed elegant or vulgar, held correct or a solecism, found new or old-fashioned, impressive or funny. In Part Two the emphasis shifts from the eighteenth century’s views of itself to our views of the eighteenth century as we look back. Here the interest centres by contrast on our difficulties, our discoveries, and our conclusions and in the process our understanding of eighteenth century literature and manners is immeasurably sharpened.

This volume makes conveniently available to students and others the group of chapters in Professor Geoffrey Tillotson''s Augustan Studies in which he deals with the poetic theory and practice of the Augustan age as a whole, rather than with particular works. Augustan poetry as defined by Professor Tillotson is the ''poetry written by most poets from Elizabethan times into the nineteenth century'' and though this may appear at first sight an inconveniently wide definition it enables the author to show that the great eighteenth-century masters who are his chief concern here are in the main course of English poetry.

The important influence of the Tudor ‘interlude’ on later Elizabethan drama is now widely recognized and the inherent theatrical values of these short plays of the era which preceded the opening of permanent theatres have become increasingly apparent through modern productions and study. Largely written for performance by travelling players in a variety of situations, their dramatic technique and methods of staging provide valuable clues for an understanding of Shakespearean theatre. The plays given here represent the interlude in its popular and courtly forms. All are newly edited from the earliest originals and the volume includes an introduction and full explanatory notes.

Unstated meaning has always been a feature of poetry, but it is in our own century that it has established itself not only as the prevailing mode of expression but also as the central concern of analytic criticism. Although a variety of terms, such as Ambiguity, Irony and Gesture, have been employed to discuss this aspect of poetry and have gained popularity, Professor Rayan shows that ''Suggestion'', occurring as far back as in Edgar Allan Poe''s writings and later in Symbolist theorizing, is a concept of much longer standing and of equal serviceability. In examining Suggestion, particularly as the only mode of presentation of emotion, he makes fruitful use of some central ideas from ninth-century Sanskrit aesthetics. The contrasted techniques of Suggestion and Statement are studied in relation to each other and with reference to many poetic examples, past and present.

Dr Ball offers an analysis and evaluation of a number of Victorian long poems and groups of lyrics which trace the course of close personal relationships. Her argument is that whereas Romantic treatment of such material was limited, the Victorian poets not only made this emotional territory their own but explored it with vigour, variety and enterprise, and great technical resource. This is apparent, as Dr Ball shows, whether the poets concern themselves with crises such as loss through death – In Memoriam, Patmore''s odes of bereavement – or breakdown – Modern Love, Maud, James Lee''s Wife – or whether they portray the intricate flux of mutual attraction and courtship, as in Amours de Voyage, The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich and The Angel in the House. The Heart''s Events brings out strongly the experimental vitality and range of Victorian poetry and, in particular, its sensitive imaginative response to the subtleties of psychological time and change in its records of the inner histories of love.

This collection of lectures, broadcasts, reviews, and articles (several of which have not previously been published) embraces many aspects of the English literary scene in the middle of the nineteenth century. Though various in origin the collection has this unity: it has been the constant concern of its authors for many years that the great and lasting contribution of the mid-Victorian period to our literature should be fully vindicated, and its appraisal based upon secure foundations of critical scholarship. The book has moreover an obvious connection with the volume on the mid-nineteenth century which the Tillotsons are preparing for the Oxford History of English Literature, though the items included here are not samples of that history but rather ‘milestones, or halting places, in the several ways that lead towards it’. There are important studies of Carlyle, John Henry Newman, Tennyson, Clough, Matthew Arnold, and George Eliot. These, however, represent only one side of the book’s interest, for there are accounts of writers famous in their day, as Harriett Mozley and Charlotte M. Yonge, but since the cross-currents at work in the period, notably ‘Writers and Readers in 1851’, which vividly convey much of the quality of the momentous years in which so many masterpieces were produced. At several points indeed the volume demonstrates that the truth about the literature of the nineteenth century, in distinction (for the most part) to that of earlier centuries, may be recovered complete.

It is still true that most readers of eighteenth-century poetry approach it by way of nineteenth-century poetry; they know what Wordsworth said about Pope before they read Pope. This means that when they read Pope and other eighteenth-century poets, they apply the wrong criteria. An eighteenth-century poet did not have to create the taste by which he was enjoyed to the same extent as a nineteenth-century poet was conscious of having to. The kinds were ready waiting for him, and, if the rules of poetic diction for the kinds of which he elected to write were properly complied with, the products were recognisable: epic, tragedy in verse, Pindaric, elegy, heroic and familiar epistle, pastoral, georgic, occasional verse, translation and imitation. This book, a collection of essays by Dr Tillotson, examines these types of eighteenth-century poetry with particular focus on poetic diction, as well as discussing works such as Pope’s letters and Johnson’s dictionary.

Essays analysing the decline of Aldous Huxley as a novelist have become a commonplace of literary criticism over the past two decades, yet he continues to be read and few writers equal his ability to make moral concepts exciting, to animate ideas and clothe them with life and vitality. In this study of the nine major novels, from Crome Yellow (1921) to Island (1962), Mr Bowering offers a positive evaluation Huxley''s achievements as a novelist of ideas, as the moralist of a scientific age, and as an ironist worthy to be compared with Swift. He shows how the conflicting claims of morality and art must be judged in relation to Huxley''s work as a whole and to this search for a way of life which would ''fit all the facts of experience''. All the principle novels require some knowledge of Huxley''s source materials to be adequately understood and Mr Bowering is particularly informative on this score. His discussion indeed attempts to set the novels in the widest possible area of reference.

Coriolanus has always attracted strong interest, whether seen as the last of Shakespeare’s tragedies, or as his most political play. In performance it has been constantly reinterpreted and has often strayed far from Shakespeare’s text.The Royal Shakespeare Company production, mounted by Terry Hands with Alan Howard in the title role, was acclaimed by audiences and critics in Stratford and London for its forcefulness and fidelity to Shakespeare’s play. David Daniell accompanied the Company on its subsequent tour in Europe where audiences were stimulated by this powerful production of a play that has a startling European history of heavy political adaptation.Living closely with the Company, David Daniell gained a remarkable standpoint for approaching the play and its performance as well as for drawing a fascinating account of a great theatre company on the move. His interpretation of the play and theatrical technique draws extensively on the experiences of the actors, other members of the company and its European hosts, audiences and critics.Coriolanus in Europe provides some penetrating insights into the problems and achievements of present-day theatre in general and of one outstanding Company in particular.

Professor Wright’s objective is to see Boccaccio in relation to the personality of the writers to whom he appealed and simultaneously to observe the changing taste of successive ages as it was revealed by their choice among Bocccaccio’s writings. Boccaccio was also a Eurpoean literary phenomenon, and this study attempts to consider his fortunes on the Continent. In considering Chaucer’s relation to Boccaccio, the author examines Chaucer’s poems afresh, studying the Italian originals closely in order to ascertain the precise nature of the English adaptation or transformation. Various minor figures of English literature are also dealt with at some length due to the importance of Boccaccio’s influence on their work.

Professor Kane is widely regarded as the leading middle English textual and literary scholar of our time and this collection of his essays will be widely welcomed. They focus largely upon the texts of Chaucer and Langland and demonstrate in an exemplary way how critical issues can arise from meticulous textual study.

The re-emergence into critical esteem of the literature of the English mid-nineteenth century has been one of the post-war excitements for students and general readers. Mid-nineteenth century literature is not simply the best body of literature the English have produced. It happens also to be literature that has a practical interest for ourselves. We live so plainly in its wake. The problems being faced a hundred years ago are the problems still facing ourselves, such as the continued supremacy of science and its methods and the consequently progressive disappearance of what was called the supernatural. Nineteenth-century literature, however, is interesting for other reasons than extended topicality, offering infinite aesthetic riches, as Geoffrey Tillotson discusses in this volume of essays.

A major interpretative account of Shakespeare's play, this is a close scrutiny which will engage readers directly with the text and perfomance of the work. The Renaissance code of honor is seen to be of central importance to the character of the hero, his actions, and to the play as a whole; and, viewed in this light, there is fresh revelation of the character of Hamlet himslef and of the dramatic world of which he is a part. Mr. Dodsworth challenges the conventional and traditional reading of Hamlet at many points. But he enforces no single overall meaning and readers are encouraged to remain sensiive to their own individual understanding and response.

The book fills a significant gap in modern critical studies. Hitherto, there has been no considered attempt to relate Existentialist thought to contemporary literature – and this is precisely what Dr Dobrez achieves, taking four leading writers and discussing their work in relation to Husserl, Heidegger and Sartre. Readers will find this account enlightening in its discussion of Existentialism itself and its application of Existentialist principles in modern literature. Thus this book will be of great value to students of both contemporary literature and modern philosophy.

The discovery on papyrus of plays by Menander, the greatest writer of Greek New Comedy, at last makes possible an evaluation on his own terms of an ancient author who, through the adaptations of Plautus and Terence, profoundly influenced the course of western drama. The present study establishes a critical perspective for understanding the kind of comedy Menander wrote, his roots, the theatrical effects he sought, and the extent of his achievement. Chapters on the major plays analyse their techniques of construction and characterisation, suggesting both the strengths and the limitations of Menander''s comic tradition. This study is based on the Oxford Greek text but cites all ancient authors in translation to open the discussion to a wider audience. An introductory chapter places the tradition of New Comedy in the history of drama, and modern parallels are drawn wherever helpful. It will therefore be of value to students of drama as well as to classicists.

Story-telling, since its earliest beginnings, has drawn its power not simply from the intrinsic fascination of a skilful narrative but from the fact that human beings are compelled to make ‘fictions’ if they are to explain and come to terms with the world they experience. This holds true, as Mr Wicker shows in the course of a profound and wide-ranging enquiry, for the complex and often sophisticated novels and anti-novels of our own day just as much as for such traditional forms as myth and fairy-tale. The world remains ‘story-shaped’.