Colloquium Publications – serie

Analytic Number Theory distinguishes itself by the variety of tools it uses to establish results, many of which belong to the mainstream of arithmetic. One of the main attractions of analytic number theory is the vast diversity of concepts and methods it includes. The main goal of the book is to show the scope of the theory, both in classical and modern directions, and to exhibit its wealth and prospects, its beautiful theorems and powerful techniques.The book is written with graduate students in mind, and the authors tried to balance between clarity, completeness, and generality. The exercises in each section serve a dual purpose, with some intended to improve the reader's understanding of the subject and others providing additional information. Formal prerequisites for the major part of the book do not go beyond calculus, complex analysis, integration, and Fourier series and integrals. In later chapters automorphic forms become important, with much necessary information about them included in two survey chapters.

This book provides a self-contained development of the regularity theory for solutions of fully nonlinear elliptic equations. Caffarelli and Cabre offer a detailed presentation of all techniques needed to extend the classical Schauder and Calderon-Zygmund regularity theories for linear elliptic equations to the fully nonlinear context. The authors present the key ideas and prove all the results needed for the regularity theory of viscosity solutions of fully nonlinear equations. The book contains the study of convex fully nonlinear equations and fully nonlinear equations with variable coefficients. This book is suitable as a text for graduate courses in nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations.

The book presents a systematic and unified study of geometric nonlinear functional analysis. This area has its classical roots in the beginning of the twentieth century and is now a very active research area, having close connections to geometric measure theory, probability, classical analysis, combinatorics, and Banach space theory. The main theme of the book is the study of uniformly continuous and Lipschitz functions between Banach spaces (e.g., differentiability, stability, approximation, existence of extensions, fixed points, etc.). This study leads naturally also to the classification of Banach spaces and of their important subsets (mainly spheres) in the uniform and Lipschitz categories. Many recent rather deep theorems and delicate examples are included with complete and detailed proofs. Challenging open problems are described and explained, and promising new research directions are indicated.

This monograph is an exposition of the theory of central simple algebras with involution, in relation to linear algebraic groups. It provides the algebra-theoretic foundations for much of the recent work on linear algebraic groups over arbitrary fields. Involutions are viewed as twisted forms of (hermitian) quadrics, leading to new developments on the model of the algebraic theory of quadratic forms. In addition to classical groups, phenomena related to triality are also discussed, as well as groups of type $F_4$ or $G_2$ arising from exceptional Jordan or composition algebras. Several results and notions appear here for the first time, notably the discriminant algebra of an algebra with unitary involution and the algebra-theoretic counterpart to linear groups of type $D_4$. This volume also contains a Bibliography and Index.It's features include: original material not in print elsewhere; a comprehensive discussion of algebra-theoretic and group-theoretic aspects; extensive notes that give historical perspective and a survey on the literature; and, rational methods that allow possible generalization to more general base rings.

With the aid of Fourier-Mellin transforms as a tool in analysis, the authors were able to attack such diverse analytic questions as those of quasi-analytic functions, Mercer's theorem on summability, Milne's integral equation of radiative equilibrium, the theorems of Munz and Szasz concerning the closure of sets of powers of an argument, Titchmarsh's theory of entire functions of semi-exponential type with real negative zeros, trigonometric interpolation and developments in polynomials of the form $\sum^N_1A_ne^{i\lambda_nx}$, lacunary series, generalized harmonic analysis in the complex domain, the zeros of random functions, and many others.

The present work is restricted to the representation of functions in the complex domain, particularly analytic functions, by sequences of polynomials or of more general rational functions whose poles are preassigned, the sequences being defined either by interpolation or by extremal properties (i.e. best approximation), Taylor's series plays a central role in this entire study, for it has properties of both interpolation and best approximation, and serves as a guide throughout the whole treatise. Indeed, almost every result given on the representation of functions is concerned with a generalization either of Taylor's series or of some property of Taylor's series - the title ""Generalizations of Taylor's Series"" would be appropriate.

This first detailed systematic treatment of orthogonal polynomials continues as a bestseller in the Colloquium Series

The first three chapters of this work contain an exposition of the Wedderburn structure theorems. Chapter IV contains the theory of the commutator subalgebra of a simple subalgebra of a normal simple algebra, the study of automorphisms of a simple algebra, splitting fields, and the index reduction factor theory. The fifth chapter contains the foundation of the theory of crossed products and of their special case, cyclic algebras. The theory of exponents is derived there as well as the consequent factorization of normal division algebras into direct factors of prime-power degree. Chapter VI consists of the study of the abelian group of cyclic systems which is applied in Chapter VII to yield the theory of the structure of direct products of cyclic algebras and the consequent properties of norms in cyclic fields.This chapter is closed with the theory of $p$-algebras. In Chapter VIII an exposition is given of the theory of the representations of algebras. The treatment is somewhat novel in that while the recent expositions have used representation theorems to obtain a number of results on algebras, here the theorems on algebras are themselves used in the derivation of results on representations. The presentation has its inspiration in the author's work on the theory of Riemann matrices and is concluded by the introduction to the generalization (by H. Weyl and the author) of that theory. The theory of involutorial simple algebras is derived in Chapter X both for algebras over general fields and over the rational field. The results are also applied in the determination of the structure of the multiplication algebras of all generalized Riemann matrices, a result which is seen in Chapter XI to imply a complete solution of the principal problem on Riemann matrices.

A guide to the basics of modern algebraic geometry.

This book belongs in both graduate and undergraduate libraries as a useful reference for students and researchers in topology. It is directed toward mathematicians interested in geometry who have had at least a beginning course in topology. It should provide the reader with a better understanding of the physical properties of Euclidean 3-space - the space in which we presume we live. The reader should learn of some unsolved problems that continue to baffle researchers. The most profound result in the volume is the side approximation theorem. However, some of the preliminary results and some of the applications may be used more frequently for reference.

Completed in 1983, this work culminates nearly half a century of the late Alfred Tarski's foundational studies in logic, mathematics, and the philosophy of science. Written in collaboration with Steven Givant, the book appeals to a very broad audience, and requires only a familiarity with first-order logic. It is of great interest to logicians and mathematicians interested in the foundations of mathematics, but also to philosophers interested in logic, semantics, algebraic logic, or the methodology of the deductive sciences, and to computer scientists interested in developing very simple computer languages rich enough for mathematical and scientific applications. The authors show that set theory and number theory can be developed within the framework of a new, different, and simple equational formalism, closely related to the formalism of the theory of relation algebras. There are no variables, quantifiers, or sentential connectives.Predicates are constructed from two atomic binary predicates (which denote the relations of identity and set-theoretic membership) by repeated applications of four operators that are analogues of the well-known operations of relative product, conversion, Boolean addition, and complementation. All mathematical statements are expressed as equations between predicates. There are ten logical axiom schemata and just one rule of inference: the one of replacing equals by equals, familiar from high school algebra. Though such a simple formalism may appear limited in its powers of expression and proof, this book proves quite the opposite. The authors show that it provides a framework for the formalization of practically all known systems of set theory, and hence for the development of all classical mathematics.This book contains numerous applications of the main results to diverse areas of foundational research: propositional logic; semantics; first-order logics with finitely many variables; definability and axiomatizability questions in set theory, Peano arithmetic, and real number theory; representation and decision problems in the theory of relation algebras; and, decision problems in equational logic.

This is the first monograph dedicated to the systematic exposition of the whole variety of topics related to quantum cohomology. The subject first originated in theoretical physics (quantum string theory) and has continued to develop extensively over the last decade. The author's approach to quantum cohomology is based on the notion of the Frobenius manifold. The first part of the book is devoted to this notion and its extensive interconnections with algebraic formalism of operads, differential equations, perturbations, and geometry. In the second part of the book, the author describes the construction of quantum cohomology and reviews the algebraic geometry mechanisms involved in this construction (intersection and deformation theory of Deligne-Artin and Mumford stacks).Yuri Manin is currently the director of the Max-Planck-Institut fur Mathematik in Bonn, Germany. He has authored and coauthored 10 monographs and almost 200 research articles in algebraic geometry, number theory, mathematical physics, history of culture, and psycholinguistics. Manin's books, such as ""Cubic Forms: Algebra, Geometry, and Arithmetic"" (1974), ""A Course in Mathematical Logic"" (1977), ""Gauge Field Theory and Complex Geometry"" (1988), ""Elementary Particles: Mathematics, Physics and Philosophy"" (1989, with I. Yu. Kobzarev), ""Topics in Non-commutative Geometry"" (1991), and ""Methods of Homological Algebra"" (1996, with S. I. Gelfand), secured for him solid recognition as an excellent expositor. Undoubtedly the present book will serve mathematicians for many years to come.

This volume presents recent progress in the theory of nonlinear dispersive equations, primarily the nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equation. The Cauchy problem for defocusing NLS with critical nonlinearity is discussed. New techniques and results are described on global existence and properties of solutions with large Cauchy data. Current research in harmonic analysis around Strichartz's inequalities and its relevance to nonlinear PDE is presented. Several topics in NLS theory on bounded domains are reviewed. Using the NLS as an example, the book offers comprehensive insight on current research related to dispersive equations and Hamiltonian PDEs.

One of the major problems in the study of evolution equations of mathematical physics is the investigation of the behavior of the solutions to these equations when time is large or tends to infinity. The related important questions concern the stability of solutions or the character of the instability if a solution is unstable. In the last few decades, considerable progress in this area has been achieved in the study of autonomous evolution partial differential equations. For a number of basic evolution equations of mathematical physics, it was shown that the long time behavior of their solutions can be characterized by a very important notion of a global attractor of the equation. In this book, the authors study new problems related to the theory of infinite-dimensional dynamical systems that were intensively developed during the last 20 years.They construct the attractors and study their properties for various non-autonomous equations of mathematical physics: the 2D and 3D Navier-Stokes systems, reaction-diffusion systems, dissipative wave equations, the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation, and others. Since, as it is shown, the attractors usually have infinite dimension, the research is focused on the Kolmogorov $\varepsilon$-entropy of attractors. Upper estimates for the $\varepsilon$-entropy of uniform attractors of non-autonomous equations in terms of $\varepsilon$-entropy of time-dependent coefficients are proved. Also, the authors construct attractors for those equations of mathematical physics for which the solution of the corresponding Cauchy problem is not unique or the uniqueness is not proved. The theory of the trajectory attractors for these equations is developed, which is later used to construct global attractors for equations without uniqueness.The method of trajectory attractors is applied to the study of finite-dimensional approximations of attractors. The perturbation theory for trajectory and global attractors is developed and used in the study of the attractors of equations with terms rapidly oscillating with respect to spatial and time variables. It is shown that the attractors of these equations are contained in a thin neighborhood of the attractor of the averaged equation. The book gives systematic treatment to the theory of attractors of autonomous and non-autonomous evolution equations of mathematical physics. It can be used both by specialists and by those who want to get acquainted with this rapidly growing and important area of mathematics.

Interactions between the theory of partial differential equations of elliptic and parabolic types and the theory of stochastic processes are beneficial for both probability theory and analysis. At the beginning, mostly analytic results were used by probabilists. More recently, analysts (and physicists) took inspiration from the probabilistic approach. Of course, the development of analysis in general and of the theory of partial differential equations in particular, was motivated to a great extent by problems in physics. A difference between physics and probability is that the latter provides not only an intuition, but also rigorous mathematical tools for proving theorems. The subject of this book is connections between linear and semilinear differential equations and the corresponding Markov processes called diffusions and superdiffusions.Most of the book is devoted to a systematic presentation (in a more general setting, with simplified proofs) of the results obtained since 1988 in a series of papers of Dynkin and Dynkin and Kuznetsov. Many results obtained originally by using superdiffusions are extended in the book to more general equations by applying a combination of diffusions with purely analytic methods. Almost all chapters involve a mixture of probability and analysis. Similar to the other books by Dynkin, ""Markov Processes"" (Springer-Verlag), ""Controlled Markov Processes"" (Springer-Verlag), and ""An Introduction to Branching Measure-Valued Processes"" (American Mathematical Society), this book can become a classical account of the presented topics.

This book is a comprehensive study of the algebraic theory of quadratic forms, from classical theory to recent developments, including results and proofs that have never been published. The book is written from the viewpoint of algebraic geometry and includes the theory of quadratic forms over fields of characteristic two, with proofs that are characteristic independent whenever possible. For some results both classical and geometric proofs are given.

The 1903 colloquium of the American Mathematical Society was held as part of the summer meeting that took place in Boston. Three sets of lectures were presented: Linear Systems of Curves on Algebraic Surfaces, by H. S. White, Forms of Non-Euclidean Space, by F. S. Woods, and Selected Topics in the Theory of Divergent Series and of Continued Fractions, by Edward B. Van Vleck. White's lectures are devoted to the theory of systems of curves on an algebraic surface, with particular reference to properties that are invariant under birational transformations and the kinds of surfaces that admit given systems. Woods' lectures deal with the problem of the classification of three-dimensional Riemannian spaces of constant curvature.The author presents and discusses Riemann postulates characterizing manifolds of constant curvature, and explains in detail the results of Clifford, Klein, and Killing devoted to the local and global classification problems. The subject of Van Vleck's lectures is the theory of divergent series. The author presents results of Poincare, Stieltjes, E. Borel, and others about the foundations of this theory. In particular, he shows 'how to determine the conditions under which a divergent series may be manipulated as the analytic representative of an unknown function, to develop the properties of the function, and to formulate methods of deriving a function uniquely from the series'. In the concluding portion of these lectures, some results about continuous fractions of algebraic functions are presented.

The American Mathematical Society held its fifth colloquium in connection with its thirteenth summer meeting, under the auspices of Yale University, during the week September 3-8, 1906. This book contains the lecture notes for the three courses that were given at this colloquium: 'Introduction to a Form of General Analysis' by Eliakim H. Moore, 'Projective Differential Geometry' by Ernest J. Wilczynski, and 'Selected Topics in the Theory of Boundary Value Problems of Differential Equations' by Max Mason.

Following the tradition of the American Mathematical Society, the seventh colloquium of the Society was held as part of the summer meeting that took place at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison. Two sets of lectures were presented: On Invariants and the Theory of Numbers, by L. E. Dickson, and Functions of Several Complex Variables, by W. F. Osgood. Dickson considers invariants of quadratic forms, with a special emphasis on invariants of forms defined in characteristic $p$, also called modular invariants, which have number-theoretic consequences. He is able to find a fundamental set of invariants for both settings. For binary forms, Dickson introduces semi-invariants in the modular case, and again finds a fundamental set.These studies naturally lead to the important study of invariants of the standard action of the modular group. The lectures conclude with a study of 'modular geometry', which is now known as geometry over $\mathbf{F}_p$. The lectures by Osgood review the state of the art of several complex variables. At this time, the theory was entirely function-theoretic. Already, though, Osgood can introduce the ideas and theorems that will be fundamental to the subject for the rest of the century: Weierstrass preparation, periodic functions and theta functions, singularities - including Hartogs' phenomenon, the boundary of a domain of holomorphy, and so on.

This volume is an amplification of the Colloquium Lectures delivered under the title ""The Determination of the Tritangent Planes of the Space Sextic of Genus Four"". In order to present clearly the state of that problem, a comparison with the better known cases of genus two and genus three is desirable. Preliminary chapters on algebraic geometry and theta functions are incorporated in order to facilitate reading by recalling fundamental ideas of these two subjects in such fashion as will be most helpful in later applications.

Lefschetz's Topology was written in the period in between the beginning of topology, by Poincare, and the establishment of algebraic topology as a well-formed subject, separate from point-set or geometric topology. At this time, Lefschetz had already proved his first fixed-point theorems. In some sense, the present book is a description of the broad subject of topology into which Lefschetz's theory of fixed points fits. Lefschetz takes the opportunity to describe some of the important applications of his theory, particularly in algebraic geometry, to problems such as counting intersections of algebraic varieties. He also gives applications to vector distributions, complex spaces, and Kronecker's characteristic theory.

This book can be viewed as a first attempt to systematically develop an algebraic theory of nonlinear differential equations, both ordinary and partial. The main goal of the author was to construct a theory of elimination, which ""will reduce the existence problem for a finite or infinite system of algebraic differential equations to the application of the implicit function theorem taken with Cauchy's theorem in the ordinary case and Riquier's in the partial."" In his 1934 review of the book, J. M. Thomas called it ""concise, readable, original, precise, and stimulating"", and his words still remain true. A more fundamental and complete account of further developments of the algebraic approach to differential equations is given in Ritt's treatise ""Differential Algebra"", written almost 20 years after the present work (Colloquium Publications, Vol. 33, American Mathematical Society, 1950).

'It is the organization and presentation of the material, however, which make the peculiar appeal of the book. This is no mere compendium of results - the subject has been completely reworked and the proofs recast with the skill and elegance which come only from years of devotion' - ""Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"". 'The very clear and simple presentation gives the reader easy access to the more difficult parts of the theory' - ""Jahrbuch uber die Fortschritte der Mathematik"". In 1937, the theory of matrices was seventy-five years old. However, many results had only recently evolved from special cases to true general theorems.With the publication of his ""Colloquium Lectures"", Wedderburn provided one of the first great syntheses of the subject. Much of the material in the early chapters is now familiar from textbooks on linear algebra. Wedderburn discusses topics such as vectors, bases, adjoints, eigenvalues and the characteristic polynomials, up to and including the properties of Hermitian and orthogonal matrices. Later chapters bring in special results on commuting families of matrices, functions of matrices - including elements of the differential and integral calculus sometimes known as matrix analysis, and transformations of bilinear forms. The final chapter treats associative algebras, culminating with the well-known Wedderburn-Artin theorem that simple algebras are necessarily isomorphic to matrix algebras. Wedderburn ends with an appendix of historical notes on the development of the theory of matrices, and a bibliography that emphasizes the history of the subject.

The main goal of this book is to present the theory of systems of partial differential equations and the theory of Pfaffian systems so as to exhibit clearly the relations between them. In presenting the theory of Pfaffian systems, the author develops, in detail, the theories of Grassmann algebras and rings with differentiation. In particular, following Grassmann and E. Cartan, he introduces and freely uses what is now known as a ring of differential forms with functional coefficients. In presenting the theory of systems of partial differential equations, the author concentrates on the existence of solutions and methods of approximating them, rather than on their properties. The relations and similarities of two theories are displayed through the systematic use of various versions of the elimination method.

'Fairly early in the development of the theory of summability of divergent series, the concept of convergence factors was recognized as of fundamental importance in the subject. One of the pioneers in this field was C. N. Moore, the author of the book under review...Moore classifies convergence factors into two types. In type I he places the factors which have only the property that they preserve convergence for a convergent series or produce convergence for a summable series. In type II he places the factors which not only maintain or produce convergence but have the additional property that they may be used to obtain the sum or generalized sum of the series. This book gives a generalized systematic treatment of the theory of convergence factors of both types, for simply infinite series and for multiple series, convergent and summable...- ""Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society"".