Few-Body Systems – serie
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Whereas then' has been significant progress in various branches of elementary particle physics during the last decade or so, Quantum Electrodynamics seems to be in a somewhat stagnating phase. For people not involved in sophisticated questions of relativistic field theories the situation might appear as not very di(:ltinct from the time, when Schwinger, Feynman and Dyson publishl'ld their famous articles in the early 1950's. Only some arguments against the possibility of a finite Quantum Electrodynamics (1953) has caused a significant reaction and initiated a rather vehement discussion. In connection with these questions about the consistency of Quantum Electrodynamics there arises the problem of the high energy behaviour of the theory, since higher and higher energies will be available in future experiments. For these reasons I thought it quite useful to choose Quantum Electrodynamics at high energies as subject of this year's meetings and hope to meet the demands of both experimental and theoretical physi cists working in this field. Graz, October, 1965.
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Weak interactions and higher symmetries are nowadays of special importance for elementary particles theory. Lately both theoretical and experimental physicists became more and more interested in the subject. Because of the complicated subject and the scarce available literature proper introductions in the subject are tiresome. The mathematical back ground such as higher Algebra and Grouptheory etc. cannot be applied immediately in all cases. The third Schladming University Courses on the above subject belong to this category. The present first supplement volume of "Acta Physica Austriaca" contains all lectures (with literature references) giving not only a review of the fundamentals but also discussing recent research work. I ,;incerely hope that the pUblication will find interested readers. In the last years it became customary in physics and mathematics to arrange summer schools on subjects which allow the experienced as well as the young scientiflt to get quickly acquainted with special modern fields. Discussions and private contacts make it possible for participants to touch quickly the peripheries of the subject in question, and new research work will be stimulated which otherwise could not be expected. Graz, October, 1964.
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The great success of the experimental research on elementary particles and their qualities during the last years suggests giving a summary of the present situation also in the theoretical description of this important branch of physics. In spite of the precarious situation in this field of theoretical physics I believe I can fully account for this choice and must see that the number of participants and the general interest justify my opinion. In organizing the proceedings it was our prime concern to reduce the delay in editing and also keep down the price. This was possihle only through the assistance of the Springer-Verlag who chose photomechanical method working quicker and cheaper. Therefore we apologize for any mistakes and errors that may occur in the text and formulae. I am very indebted to my secretary, Miss A. SCHMALDIENST and one of my assistants, Dr. H. KÜHNELT, who did an the typing and correcting of the manu scripts with great patience and knowledge.
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The past meetings held under the auspices of the Austrian Ministry of Education and the successes and benefits derived from these lectures in former years have encouraged us to continue this year with a survey of high energy physics. The experimental side of this field has undergone such a great advancement that the evaluation of huge masses of data called for the theoretical physicist to develop new theories and to explain facts and connections which we have not been able to clarify up to the present. In spite of the precarious situation especially in the field of Elementary Particle Theories, the theoretical physicist is about to summarize the present situation and to give further impulses for thc progress of our knowledge in nuclear physics. Thus the results of the Sixth International Meeting in Schladming and the interest shown in it fully justify our endeavours in this direction. In organizing the publication of the proceedings we shall continue on the same lines as hitherto so as to reduce delays through editing to an absolute minimum and to offer the publication at a reasonable price. I am again grateful for the assistance of the Springer-Verlag whose photo mechanical method proved so süccessful. Nevertheless we wish to apologize for any mistakes that might have occurred in writing the text of formulae.
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The subject of this year's conference, as of the six previous meetings, was again elementary particle physics. One of the main topics of current interest here is the understanding of strong interactions; some of the attempts to explain them are discuBBed at length in these proceedings, including current algebra, Regge pole theory and effective Lagrangians. On the other hand, the proceBses of weak interactions, too, are not yet fully understood, especially when strong interactions intervene, as in the radiative corrections to weak decays. Several other aspects of elementary particle physics are also treated in this volume, every one of them another step towards a thorough understanding of the sub. atomic world. I want to take this opportunity to thank all the members of my staff for their assistance in organizing the meeting and for their help in preparing the manuscripts. Graz, June 1968 P. Urban Contents Urban, P. Introduction ................................................. V Nilsson, J. Discrete Symmetries in Elementary Particle Physics ............ 1 Pietschmann, H. Semi-Leptonic Weak Decay Processes ....•............... 88 Dothan, Y. Introduction to Recent Developments in Regge Pole Theory .... 126 Koller, K. On Feynman Diagrams wi~h Infinite Dimensional Representations of the Lorentz Group 0 (3,1) ......................................... 161 Giirsey, F. Effective Lagrangians in Particle Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 185 . . . .
Del 3 - Few-Body Systems
Photodisintegration of the Deuteron
A Review of Theory and Experiment
Inbunden, Engelska, 1991
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The two-body system has played a major role in nuclear physics and still holds the stage. Over the past fifty years a steady flow of experimental and theoretical papers on deuteron photodisintegration and its inverse reaction demonstrates the continuing interest in this fundamental process. This book contains an almost exhaustive review of the theoretical approaches employed to evaluate two-body photodisintegration of the deuteron at low and intermediate energies. Moreover, a critical survey of all the experiments concerning this process is given and the most accurate data are selected in order to compare the experimental results with the theoretical ones. Many information can be taken from this review, in particular that the current theory is able to describe the experimental data pretty well in the energy region below the pion production threshold, while more precise experimental data and improved theoretical calculations are needed in and above the delta-resonance region.Moreover, the role of meson exchange currents and isobar degrees of freedom is clearly seen in this process, the importance of different approximations in the calculations is clarified and the necessity of studying polarization observables is stressed.
Few-Body Problems in Physics ’99
Proceedings of the 1st Asian-Pacific Conference, Tokyo, Japan, August 23–28, 1999
Inbunden, Engelska, 2000
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The book contains invited and contributed talks presented at the 1st Asian-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, held in Tokyo (Japan), August 23-28, 1999. The conference was initiated in the Asian-Pacific area as a counterpart to the successful European and North American conferences. The papers in the volume are grouped into four categories:- Innovative computational and experimental methods to address few-body problems- Structures and interactions of hadrons as few-quark systems dynamics of few-nucleon (hadron) systems- Few-body dynamics in atomic, molecular, and exotic atom/molecular systems, micro-clusters, quantum dots- Novel few-body approaches to unstable nuclei, nuclear astrophysics, and nuclear fusion problems.
Del 15 - Few-Body Systems
Nuclear Dynamics: From Quarks to Nuclei
Proceedings of the XXth CFIF Fall Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, October 31—November 2, 2002
Inbunden, Engelska, 2003
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The book contains papers presented at the 20th CFIF fall workshop held in Lisbon, Portugal, in October/November 2002. The focus of these papers is on the latest experimental observations and on theoretical progress made in the fields of few-nucleon dynamics and related problems. The topics range from electron-nucleus scattering, meson production, relativistic effects, structure of nucleons and of light nuclei, to heavy-ion collisions.
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The papers contained in this volume are invited lec- tures presented at the 21st "Universit~tswochen fUr Kern- physik" in Schladming in February 1982. To consider electro- magnetic and weak interactions as manifestations of a single theory is a standpoint, which is generally accepted by now. The goal of the school was to outline the present state of this unified theory and to discuss possible future developments. Thanks to the generous support provided by the Austrian Ministry of Science and Research, the Styrian Government and other sponsors, it was again possible to invite experts in the field as lecturers. The lecture notes have been reexamined by the authors and are now published in their final form to enable a larger number of physicists to profit from them. Since the lectures are already quite voluminous, we have decided to restrict the publication to the lectures themselves and omit all seminars, interesting as they were, as well as all details connected with the meeting. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their efforts, making it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to L. Pittner for organisation and proof-reading as well as to Mrs.Krenn and Mrs. Neuhold for the careful typing of the papers. H. Mitter Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. XXIV, 3-62 (1982) (c) by Springer-Verlag 1982 INTRODUCTION TO GAUGE THEORIES OF ELECTRO- + WEAK INTERACTIONS by G. ECKER Institut fUr Theoretische Physik Universitat Wien, Austria TABLE OF CONTENTS I.
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The observation of the scaling properties of the structure functions w and vw of deep inelastic electron 1 2 nucleon scattering [1]+ has been taken by many people as an indication for an approximate scale invariance of the world. It was pointed out by Wilson [2], that in many field theories it is possible to assign a dimension d to every fundamental field, which proves to be a conserved quantum number as far as the most singular term of an operator product expansion at small distances ((x-y) +a) is con- JJ cerned++. Later it was shown, at the canonical level, that in many field theories the dimension of a field seems to be a c:pod quantum number even in the terms less singular at small (x-y) , as long as they all belong to the strongest \l light cone singularity (i. e. (x-y)2+a) [3]. The assumption that this type of scale invariance on the light cone be present in the operator product ex pansion of two electromagnetic currents has provided us with a rather natural explanation of the observed scaling phenomena. We should like to mention, however, that this ex planation cannot account for the precocity with which scaling is being observed experimentally in energy regions, in which resonances still provide prominent contributions to the final states [4].
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We summarize the situation regarding non-polynomial Lagrangians: I should make the qualification that an enor mous amount of verification is needed before the problems of renormalizability are all sorted out, but one may ten tatively state: 1) All matrix elements are finite for theories where the Dyson index D is less than two. 2) For the cases when D=2 or 3, counter-terms have been explicitly written which absorb all infinities and the theories are renormalizable. 3) Mixed theories of polynomial and non-polynomial fields appear to be renormalizable provided the Dyson in dices separately and jointly fulfill renormalizability criteria. We believe that weak interactions, chiral La grangians and Yang-Mills theory fall into this class though detailed proofs have not yet been constructed. 4) It seems likely that to each order in the major coupling (and to all orders in the minor coupling}the S matrix elements, as computed by methods outlined, satisfy the necessary unitarity and analyticity requirements.
Few-Body Problems in Physics ’99
Proceedings of the 1st Asian-Pacific Conference, Tokyo, Japan, August 23–28, 1999
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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The first Asia-Pacific Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics took place from August 23 to August 28, 1999, at the Noda campus of the Sci ence University of Tokyo in Noda-city and Sawayaka Chiba Kenmin Plaza in Kashiwa-city, a suburb of Tokyo close to the Narita-Tokyo International Air port, with the Frontier Research Center for Computation Sciences (FRCCS) of the Science University of Tokyo as the host institute. The High Energy Accel erator Research Organization (KEK), the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), the Research Center for Nuclear Physics (RCNP)-Osaka University, the Physical Society of Japan, and the Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPPS) supported this conference. The conference was initiated in the Asia Pacific area as a counterpart to the successful European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics (APFB99), in addition to the International Few-Body Conference Series and the Few Body Gordon Conference series in North America. The Physics of Few-Body Problems covers, as is well known, systems with finite numbers of particles in contrast to many-body systems with very large numbers of particles. Therefore, it covers such wide fields as mesoscopic, atom-molecular, exotic atom, nucleon, hyperon, and quark-gluon physics, plus their applications.
Resonances in Few-Body Systems
Proceedings of the International Workshop, Sárospatak, Hungary, September 4–8, 2000
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
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Few-body resonances are in the frontiers of resonance studies. Very similar problems occur in atomic and molecular physics, nuclear physics and high-energy physics.This collection presents the state of the art of the studies of resonance states in these fields and demonstrates their common methodological aspects.Most of the contributions are theoretical, but quite a few are closely linked with experiments through the data they are dealing with.
Nuclear Dynamics: From Quarks to Nuclei
Proceedings of the XXth CFIF Fall Workshop, Lisbon, Portugal, October 31—November 2, 2002
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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This volume collects the invited and contributed papers presentedt at the work shop Nuclear Dynamics: from quarks to NUCLEI, which was hosted by Centro de Ffsica das Interacc;6es Fundamentais (CFIF) at Instituto Superior Tecnico (1ST) in Lisbon, Portugal, from October 31st to November 2nd, 2002. The response to this initiative exceeded the initial expectations of the organizers. Participants arrived to Lisbon, not only from countries within a close vicinity to Portugal, but also from Central and Northern Europe, from Africa, from the United States, from South and Central America, and from Japan. This meeting was the 20th in a series of schools or workshops organized every fall in Lisbon. Along the years, the series of meetings has covered a wide range of topics in Nuclear and Particle Physics. The 2002 meeting had two unique features: 1) Nuclear Physics at Intermediate Energies For the first time, the CFIF Fall Meeting focused on nuclear processes at inter mediate energies. In physics, an energy range implies a selection ofthe degrees of freedom which are probed. Experiments and theory at intermediate energies bridge the interesting border between two pictures ofreality: the nucleons, and their accompanying cloud of pions, which make up the nuclei forming most of the matter around us, and the underlying quark-gluon structure of the nucleons themselves. The intriguing connection between the two descriptions is tested by experiments using electrons, photons and mesons, or heavy-ion collisions.
Del 3 - Few-Body Systems
Photodisintegration of the Deuteron
A Review of Theory and Experiment
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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More than 50 years ago, in 1934, Chadwick and Goldhaber (ChG 34) published a paper entitled "A 'Nuclear Photo-effect': Disintegration of the Diplon by -y-Rays."l in the introduction: They noted "By analogy with the excitation and ionisation of atoms by light, one might expect that any complex nucleus should be excited or 'ionised', that is, disintegrated, by -y-rays of suitable energy", and furthermore: "Heavy hydrogen was chosen as the element first to be examined, because the diplon has a small mass defect and also because it is the simplest of all nuclear systems and its properties are as important in nuclear theory as the hydrogen is in atomic theory". Almost at the same time, in 1935, the first theoretical paper on the photodisinte gration of the deuteron entitled "Quantum theory of the diplon" by Bethe and Peierls (BeP 35) appeared. It is not without significance that these two papers mark the be ginning of photonuclear physics in general and emphasize in particular the special role the two-body system has played in nuclear physics since then and still plays. A steady flow of experimental and theoretical papers on deuteron photo disintegration and its inverse reaction, n-p capture, shows the continuing interest in this fundamental process (see fig. 1.1).
Few-Body Problems in Physics ’02
Proceedings of the XVIIIth European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, Bled, Slovenia, September 8–14, 2002
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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In this Supplement we have collected the invited and contributed talks pre sented at the XVIII European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, organised by the Jozef Stefan Institute and the University of Ljubljana, Slove nia. The Conference, sponsored by the European Physical Society, took place at the lakeside resort of Bled from 8 to 14 September, 2002. This meeting was a part of the series of European Few-Body Conferences, previously held in Evora/Portugal (2000), Autrans/France (1998), Peniscola/Spain (1995), ... Our aim was to emphasise, to a larger extent than at previous Conferences, the interdisciplinarity of research fields of the Few-Body community. To pro mote a richer exchange of ideas, we therefore strived to avoid parallel sessions as much as possible. On the other hand, to promote the participation of young scientists who we feel will eventually shape the future of Few-Body Physics, we wished to give almost all attendees the opportunity to speak.
Few-Body Problems in Physics ’98
Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, Autrans, France, June 1–6, 1998
Häftad, Engelska, 2011
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The sixteenth European Conference on Few Body Problems in Physics has taken place from June 1 to June 6, 1998, in Autrans, a little village in the mountains, close to Grenoble. The Conference follows those organized in Peniscola (1995), Amsterdam (1993), Elba (1991), Uzhgorod (1990) ... The present one has been organized by a group of physicists working in different fields at the University Joseph Fourier of Grenoble who find in this occasion a good opportunity to join their efforts. The core of the organizing committee was nevertheless located at the Institut des Sciences Nucleaires, whose physicists, especially in the group of theoretical physics, have a long tradition in the domain. The Few Body Conference has a natural tendency to be a theoretical one - the exchange about the methods used in different fields is the common point to most participants. It also has a tendency to be a hadronic physics one - the corresponding physics community, perhaps due to the existence of experimen tal facilities devoted to the study of few body systems, is better organized. In preparing the scientific program, we largely relied on the advices of the Inter national Advisory Committee, while avoiding to follow these trends too closely.
N* Physics and Nonperturbative Quantum Chromodynamics
Proceedings of the Joint ECT*/JLAB Workshop, Trento, Italy, May 18–29, 1998
Häftad, Engelska, 2013
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The Workshop N* Physics and non-perturbative QeD was held at the Eu ropean Center for Theoretical Studies and Related Areas (ECT*) in Trento, Italy, during May 18-29, 1998. Previous workshops of the series on N* Physics took place at the Florida State University (1994), at CEBAF (1995), at the Institute for Nuclear Theory in Seattle (1996) and at the George Washington University (1997). The Workshop was devoted to a summary of recent experimental and the oretical research on N* phsyics and special emphasis was given to the infor mation that photo-and electro-production of nucleon resonances can provide on the non-perturbative regime of Quantum Chromodynamics. The idea was to stimulate discussions among experimentalists and theoreticians in order to pursue the interpretation of the huge amount of forthcoming data from several laboratories in the world. It was therefore decided to have both experimental and theoretical lectures on the main topics, like ,among the others, single and double pion production, TJ-and K-meson production, the GDH sum rule, the spin of the proton, etc. Thanks to the unusual two-week extension of the Work shop, the allotted time for the lectures was extended up to one hour in order to allow the invited lecturers to give a detailed presentation of their topics. Fi nally, various short contributions were selected to sharpen the discussion about selected items.
Few-Body Problems in Physics
Proceedings of the XIIIth European Conference on Few-Body Physics, Marciana Marina, Isola d’Elba, Italy, September 9–14, 1991
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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The Thirteenth European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Phys- ics (European Few-Body Problems XIII) was held at the Elba Internation- al Physics Centre (EIPC) in Marciana Marina, Isola d'Elba, Italy, during September 9-14, 1991. The previous Conferences of the series, promoted by the European Few-Body Physics Research Committee, took place in Budapest (1972), Graz (1973), Tiibingen (1975), Vlieland (1976), Uppsala (1977), Dubna (1979), Sesimbra (1980), Ferrara (1981), Tbilisi (1984), Bala- tonfiired (1985), Fontevraud (1987), and Uzhgorod (1990). The European Few-Body Conferences represent a relevant opportunity for European scientists interested in few-body problems, of summarizing and updating, together with colleagues from countries all over the world, the status of art in this field of research, which ranges from the study of atomic and molecular structure, to nuclear and particle physics.The suc- cess of this series of Conferences, which also represent a bridge between the triennial IUPAP International Conferences on Few-Body Problems in Physics, testifies the relevance reached by few-body physics in various fields and the important theoretical and experimental contributions pro- vided by the European few-body community.
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Mesons and Light Nuclei
Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium, Prague, September 1–6, 1991
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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Giving emphasis on electroweak nuclear interactions the book collects more than 60 papers presented at the 5th International Symposium, Prague, September 1-6, 1991. Further topics covered are: nuclear physics with pions and antiprotons, nuclar physics with strange particles, relativistic nuclear physics, and quark degrees of freedom. They are viewed in their theoretical as well as experimental aspects.
Particle Physics
Proceedings of the VIII. Internationale Universitätswochen für Kernphysik 1969 der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz, at Schladming (Steiermark, Austria) 24th February–8th March 1969
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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This volume contains the written versions of the lectures held at the "22 Internationale Universitatswochen fur Kern- physik" in Schladming, Austria, in February 1983. The generous support of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research, the Styrian Government and other sponsors once again made it possible for expert lecturers to be invited. In choosing the topics, the aim was to achieve a balance between the theoretical and phenomenological contributions; on the theoretical side, discussions centred on the impact of different approaches to quantum field theory on the ele- mentary particle scenario, on the other, on the recent re- sults in high energy physics which have provided fresh moti- vations for new kinds of experiments as well as having had a profound influehce on cosmology. Limited space has made it impossible to include manuscripts of the many interesting seminars presented. The lecture notes were reexamined by the authors after the school and are now published in their final form. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their efforts, which made it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Neuhold for the careful typing of the notes.H. Mitter C. B. Lang Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. XXV, ~70 (1983) @ by Springer-Verlag 1983 THE EARLY UNIVERSE - FACTS AND FICTION+ by G. BaRNER Max-Planck-Institut fUr Physik und Astrcphysik Institut fUr Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 8046 Garching b. MUnchen, FRG 1.
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Schrödinger Equation
Proceedings of the International Symposium “50 Years Schrödinger Equation” in Vienna, 10th–12th June 1976
Häftad, Engelska, 2012
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On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the Schrodinger equation a small symposium was organized in Vienna. It had mainly retrospective character, where after an appreciation of Schrodinger's scientific achievements the results were collected which one could extract from his equation. Of course not all the developments which originated in Schrodingers dis coveries could be included. Instead, it was attempted to present a review of the established predictions which follow directly from his equation. Despite the 50 years of its existence there are always new results of this sort being found, especially because the necessary mathe matical methods are being developed and become known to the physicists slowly only now .. I want to take the opportunity here to thank the lecturers for their efforts which they put into their excellent talks and their written versions. With their help this volume should become a useful document on the current mathematical art in the treatment of the Schrodinger equation. Finally it is my pleasant obligation to thank the Bundesministerium fUr Wissenschaft und Forschung and the Kulturamt der Gemeinde Wien for their financial support which made it possible to honor one of the great Austrian scientists.
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Soluble quantum field theory models are a rare commodity. An infinite number of degrees of freedom and noncompact invariance groups have a nasty habit of ex ploding in the model-makers' face. Nevertheless, impor tant progress has recently been made in the class of superrenormalizable relativistic theories, such as a self-interacting boson in a two-dimensional space time [ 1]. These results have been obtained starting with the free field and adding the interaction in a carefully controlled way. Yet, the models successfully studied in this way do DQ~ have an infinite field strength renormalization, which, at least according to perturbation theory, should appear for realistic relativistic models in four-dimensional space time. ~2~!Y~~!9n_~g_~h~_~gg~1 The ultralocal scalar field theories discussed in these lecture notes are likewise motivated by relativistic theories but are based on a different approximatiGn. This approximation formally amounts to dropping the spatial gradient term from the Hamiltonian rather than the non linear interaction. For a self-interacting boson field in a space-time of (s+l) dimensions (s~l), the classical ultralocal model Hamiltonian reads (1-1) The quantum theory of this model is the subject of the present paper. This model differs formally from a rela tivistic theory by the term f![Z~Cl(~)]2 d~ which, it is hoped, can, in one or another way, be added as a pertur 229 bation in the quantum theory. However, that still remains a problem for the future, and we confine our remarks to . . a careful study of the "unperturbed" model (1-1).
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In,1872, Boltzmann published a paper which for the first time provided a precise mathematical basis for a discussion of the approach to equilibrium. The paper dealt with the approach to equilibrium of a dilute gas and was based on an equation - the Boltzmann equation, as we call it now - for the velocity distribution function of such ~ gas. The Boltzmann equation still forms the basis of the kinetic theory of gases and has proved fruitful not only for the classical gases Boltzmann had in mind, but als- if properly generalized - for the electron gas in a solid and the excitation gas in a superfluid. Therefore it was felt by many of us that the Boltzmann equation was of sufficient interest, even today, to warrant a meeting, in which a review of its present status would be undertaken. Since Boltzmann had spent a good part of his life in Vienna, this city seemed to be a natural setting for such a meeting. The first day was devoted to historical lectures, since it was generally felt that apart from their general interest, they would furnish a good introduction to the subsequent scientific sessions. We are very much indebted to Dr. D.
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