Der Verlag Nijhoff hat sich bereiterklart, die Akten der Tagungen des Institut International de Philosophie kiinftig in seine verlege- rische Obhut zu nehmen. Damit sind die allgemeinen Voraussetzun- gen geschaffen, die mir erlauben, nun die Referate unserer Arbeits- tagung in Heidelberg (12.-16. September 1969) in den Druck zu geben. Es entsprach der zwanglos-informellen Atmosphare unserer Zusammenkunft, daB die BegriiBungsreden, so die geistreiche und von Heidelberger Erinnerungen belebte Ansprache unseres damali- gen Prasidenten, Herrn Klibansky, sowie die temperamentvolle Be- griiBung Heidelbergs im Namen der auswartigen Teilnehmer durch Herrn Guzzo und meine eigene Antwort, ebenso aber auch die Diskussionen, die den Beitragen gewidmet wurden, nicht fixiert worden sind. So moge der reine Text unserer Diskussionsgrundlagen diesmal fiir sich stehen. Ich mochte den Band aber nicht herausgehen lassen, ohne dankbar zu betonen, daB die wissenschaftliche Organisation unserer Arbeits- tagung vom Pariser Sekretariat des Institut International de Philo- sophie mit gewohnter Tatkraft und Sorgfalt ausgefiihrt worden ist.Das hat sehr zum Gelingen dieser ersten Zusammenkunft des Institut auf deutschem Boden beigetragen.

B. A. O. Williams: KNOWLEDGE AND REASONS r A. ]. Ayer: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR WILLIAMS' "KNOW- LEDGE AND REASONS" 12 E. ]. Furlong: MEMORY RE-CHAINED 17 Eduardo Nicol: CONNAISSANCE ET RECONNAISSANCE 23 Andre Mercier: DE L'EvIDENCE 2 3 G. H. von Wright: WITTGENSTEIN ON CERTAINTY 47 B. F. McGuinness: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR VON WRIGHT'S "WITTGENSTEIN ON CERTAINTY" 6r ]. N. Theodoracopoulos: KANT ET LA CONNAISSANCE DE SOl 66 PREFACE At its meeting at Heidelberg in September 1969 the Institut Inter- national de Philosophie decided to hold its next Entretiens in Helsinki. The theme selected for the meeting in Finland was Problems in the Theory of Knowledge (Probtemes de la tMorie de la connaissance). The Entretiens de Helsinki took place from 24th to 27th August 1970. As local host organization, the Philosophical Society of Finland was responsible for the external and social arrangements of the Entretiens. A grant from the Finnish Ministry of Education and the Oskar Oflund Foundation had been obtained for the purpose. 40 members of the Institut participated in the Entretiens.The various sessions, which were also open to members of the Philosophical Society of Finland, were attended by on average 100 people.

K. Kuypers: HUMAN SCIENCES AND THE PROBLEM OF VALUES 1 H. G. Gadamer: DAS ONTOLOGISCHE PROBLEM DES WERTES 17 Manfred Moritz: AXIOLOGY AND ANALYSIS 33 Ch. Perelman: LA JUSTIFICATION DES NORMES 47 Max Black: THE "FACTUAL" AND THE "NORMATIVE" 55 P. Lorenzen: ON JUSTIFYING NORMS 65 Richard McKeon: FACTS, VALUES AND ACTIONS 73 N. Rotenstreich: "FREEDOM FROM VALUES" EXAMINED 87 PREFACE In accordance with a suggestion made in the preceding assembly of the Institute in Helsinki (1970), as theme of the Entretiens in Amsterdam was chosen: Human sciences and the problem of values. As usual the organization of the Entretiens was committed to a local committee in close collaboration with the office of the Institute in Paris. The confer­ ence was held from 8 till II September 1971 in the so called Trippenhuis (house where lived the family Trip in the 17th and 18th century), seat of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters. The sessions were attended by about 70 people, not only members but also some invited colleagues and assistants representing the philosophers in the Dutch universities. The papers were multiplied and distributed to the participants some time before the beginning of the conference. By so doing each speaker (rapporteur) could restrict himself to a short summary of the main points of his paper or a short comment as introduction, immediately followed by a general discussion.

The Entretiens of the Institut International de Philosophie for 1978 were held in connection with the World Congress of Philosophy in Dusseldorf, from August 27 to September 1. The theme of the Entretiens was Logic and Philosophy (Logique et philosophie). The undersigned, then President of LI.P., was responsible for the planning of the programme. The programme was designed to consist of four sections with the headings Classical and Intuitionist Logic, Modal Logic and its Applications, Inductive Logic and its Applications, and Logic and Epistemology. The aim was also to convey to philosophers who are not experts in logic an informative and representative impression of some of the main sectors of the vast and rapidly expanding field of philosophical logic. At the same time it was thought that this impression should not be conveyed in the form of a series of survey papers but through presentations and discussions of specific topics falling under the main headings men­ tioned above. For each section a rapporteur was nominated to read a paper and an interlocuteur to comment on it. The programme chairman is grateful that he was able to engage a representative selection of front rank philosophi­ cal logicians to perform the various tasks. The papers and the comments are printed in this volume in the order in which they appeared in the Programme of the Entretiens.

Der Verlag Nijhoff hat sich bereiterklart, die Akten der Tagungen des Institut International de Philosophie kiinftig in seine verlege- rische Obhut zu nehmen. Damit sind die allgemeinen Voraussetzun- gen geschaffen, die mir erlauben, nun die Referate unserer Arbeits- tagung in Heidelberg (12.-16. September 1969) in den Druck zu geben. Es entsprach der zwanglos-informellen Atmosphare unserer Zusammenkunft, daB die BegriiBungsreden, so die geistreiche und von Heidelberger Erinnerungen belebte Ansprache unseres damali- gen Prasidenten, Herrn Klibansky, sowie die temperamentvolle Be- griiBung Heidelbergs im Namen der auswartigen Teilnehmer durch Herrn Guzzo und meine eigene Antwort, ebenso aber auch die Diskussionen, die den Beitragen gewidmet wurden, nicht fixiert worden sind. So moge der reine Text unserer Diskussionsgrundlagen diesmal fiir sich stehen. Ich mochte den Band aber nicht herausgehen lassen, ohne dankbar zu betonen, daB die wissenschaftliche Organisation unserer Arbeits- tagung vom Pariser Sekretariat des Institut International de Philo- sophie mit gewohnter Tatkraft und Sorgfalt ausgefiihrt worden ist.Das hat sehr zum Gelingen dieser ersten Zusammenkunft des Institut auf deutschem Boden beigetragen.

B. A. O. Williams: KNOWLEDGE AND REASONS r A. ]. Ayer: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR WILLIAMS' "KNOW- LEDGE AND REASONS" 12 E. ]. Furlong: MEMORY RE-CHAINED 17 Eduardo Nicol: CONNAISSANCE ET RECONNAISSANCE 23 Andre Mercier: DE L'EvIDENCE 2 3 G. H. von Wright: WITTGENSTEIN ON CERTAINTY 47 B. F. McGuinness: COMMENTS ON PROFESSOR VON WRIGHT'S "WITTGENSTEIN ON CERTAINTY" 6r ]. N. Theodoracopoulos: KANT ET LA CONNAISSANCE DE SOl 66 PREFACE At its meeting at Heidelberg in September 1969 the Institut Inter- national de Philosophie decided to hold its next Entretiens in Helsinki. The theme selected for the meeting in Finland was Problems in the Theory of Knowledge (Probtemes de la tMorie de la connaissance). The Entretiens de Helsinki took place from 24th to 27th August 1970. As local host organization, the Philosophical Society of Finland was responsible for the external and social arrangements of the Entretiens. A grant from the Finnish Ministry of Education and the Oskar Oflund Foundation had been obtained for the purpose. 40 members of the Institut participated in the Entretiens.The various sessions, which were also open to members of the Philosophical Society of Finland, were attended by on average 100 people.

K. Kuypers: HUMAN SCIENCES AND THE PROBLEM OF VALUES 1 H. G. Gadamer: DAS ONTOLOGISCHE PROBLEM DES WERTES 17 Manfred Moritz: AXIOLOGY AND ANALYSIS 33 Ch. Perelman: LA JUSTIFICATION DES NORMES 47 Max Black: THE "FACTUAL" AND THE "NORMATIVE" 55 P. Lorenzen: ON JUSTIFYING NORMS 65 Richard McKeon: FACTS, VALUES AND ACTIONS 73 N. Rotenstreich: "FREEDOM FROM VALUES" EXAMINED 87 PREFACE In accordance with a suggestion made in the preceding assembly of the Institute in Helsinki (1970), as theme of the Entretiens in Amsterdam was chosen: Human sciences and the problem of values. As usual the organization of the Entretiens was committed to a local committee in close collaboration with the office of the Institute in Paris. The confer­ ence was held from 8 till II September 1971 in the so called Trippenhuis (house where lived the family Trip in the 17th and 18th century), seat of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences and Letters. The sessions were attended by about 70 people, not only members but also some invited colleagues and assistants representing the philosophers in the Dutch universities. The papers were multiplied and distributed to the participants some time before the beginning of the conference. By so doing each speaker (rapporteur) could restrict himself to a short summary of the main points of his paper or a short comment as introduction, immediately followed by a general discussion.

The Entretiens of the Institut International de Philosophie for 1978 were held in connection with the World Congress of Philosophy in Dusseldorf, from August 27 to September 1. The theme of the Entretiens was Logic and Philosophy (Logique et philosophie). The undersigned, then President of LI.P., was responsible for the planning of the programme. The programme was designed to consist of four sections with the headings Classical and Intuitionist Logic, Modal Logic and its Applications, Inductive Logic and its Applications, and Logic and Epistemology. The aim was also to convey to philosophers who are not experts in logic an informative and representative impression of some of the main sectors of the vast and rapidly expanding field of philosophical logic. At the same time it was thought that this impression should not be conveyed in the form of a series of survey papers but through presentations and discussions of specific topics falling under the main headings men­ tioned above. For each section a rapporteur was nominated to read a paper and an interlocuteur to comment on it. The programme chairman is grateful that he was able to engage a representative selection of front rank philosophi­ cal logicians to perform the various tasks. The papers and the comments are printed in this volume in the order in which they appeared in the Programme of the Entretiens.