Metropolitan Museum of Art. Egyptian Expedition – serie

Compared to the great collections of Egyptian art in Europe, that of the Metropolitan Museum is young. But the relatively late date at which the collection was started was also a major asset: the greater part of the Egyptian collection came from controlled excavations which the Museum undertook between 1906 and 1936 at Thebes, Lisht, the Wadi Natrun, the Kharga Oasis, and Hierakonpolis. Thus the collection is rich not only in art objects representative of ancient Egyptian culture, but in pieces which are part of a scientific context. They form groups in which each individual piece contributes to the understanding of the others, for the drawings, notes, plans and photographs in the excavation records provide a wealth of information that places the objects in a specific locality, architectural setting, and chronological horizon. The Department feels an obligation to make these records available to scholars of the ancient world and to the interested public, following the precedent set by early members of this Department who began the work under the guidance of Curator Albert M. Lythgoe. Excavation then as now meant not only the retrieval of objects and associated information, but the analysis and dissemination of knowledge through publication. Only when the task of publishing all important archaeological information gained during an excavation is accomplished can we feel that the project is completed. Many problems arise in attempting to publish archival records in the absence of guidance from the original excavators. The reader who is not familiar with excavation records may think that it is a simple task to check the records for a particular piece in order to obtain the information necessary to evaluate its date and meaning. In point of fact, only in very few instances can one obtain information about an object without thoroughly working through all available records of the site from which it came. Usually one note or plan cannot be understood without another; that one leads to another, and in the end one is forced to evaluate a whole site. There is no short cut to understanding context; everything is connected. Another aspect of reworking old excavations is the need to return to the field areas of a site. In many cases it is preferable to re-excavate, at least in part. The most obvious reason is to permit the author of the final publication to become thoroughly familiar with local conditions at the site. But another reason is even more important. The methods of excavation in the first third of this century have been surpassed by the methods of today, and present-day archaeology not only produces new types of records but also asks new questions. In 1984 these two considerations induced the Department of Egyptian Art to reopen its work at the site which it had chosen as its first focus, the ancient site of Lisht near modern-day Cairo. The Egyptian Antiquities Organization kindly granted permission to do this, and three seasons have now taken place with a small staff. Although the study work has taken longer than originally planned, the Department intends to return until the publications work for this site is finished. The aim is not to find new objects or monuments, but to clarify questions left open by the previous team, and to answer questions that have arisen through the current approach to the site. The present volume therefore contains not only old plans, drawings, and photographs, but also new plans and new photographs. Stratigraphic sections and drawings of architectural details have been added. This book, in short, presents the information gained by the original Expedition, seen through the eyes of present-day archaeologists and Egyptologists.

This volume is the second in the series of publications on the Museum's excavations in the South Cemeteries of Lisht, Egypt. The series will eventually include contributions on a wide range of subjects, such as religious architecture, wall decoration and religious texts, works of art and funerary equipment. While the first volume described the funerary complex of an Egyptian king, the inscriptions published here supply important information about the organization of labor at an ancient construction site: the workmen, the scheduling of transport and building activities, and the control of the compulsory labor system. The inscriptions are inconspicuous, most of them were written by untrained hands with rough brushes on the coarse surface of building stones, yet they provide a behind-the-scenes view of the construction process of pharaonic architecture. Philippe de Montebello Director, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, from the director's foreword

As a result of The Metropolitan Museum of Art's renewed excavations in Lisht, the Egyptian Department published The Pyramid of Senwosret I by Dieter Arnold in 1988, followed in 1990 by The Control Notes and Team Marks by Felix Arnold. The first volume examined the main pyramid and its related mortuary installations, while this third volume, The Pyramid Complex of Senwosret I by Dieter Arnold, discusses the monuments and objects found within the outer enclosure wall of the royal pyramid, mainly the nine subsidiary pyramids and other tombs belonging to members of the royal family and their households. Although the pyramids and their surrounding installations are much destroyed and the burials pillaged, it has been possible to reconstruct, to some degree, the architecture from these ruins. Such a reconstruction is particularly important, as no other pyramid enclosures of the Middle Kingdom, and very few of the Old Kingdom, have ever been so thoroughly excavated and published. The results of this enterprise provide an important contribution to our understanding of the structure and development of the royal funerary complexes of the Middle Kingdom. As with the other volumes on the Museum's excavations, this publications provides complete information and archaeological context for a number of important objects from Lisht that were given to the Museum as a result of the division of finds, and are now displayed in the Egyptian Galleries of the Metropolitan Museum. Also significant is the discovery of timbers from one or more ancient ships, described in the appendix. When these vessels were no longer thought to be seaworthy, they were disassembled and their timbers embedded in roads used during the construction of the pyramid complex.