Modern Concrete Technology – serie

The design of concrete mixes is becoming increasingly complex, with the addition of new materials in the compounds, such as organic admixtures, fibres and supplementary cementitious materials. Moreover, the list of properties which concretes are required to possess for certain applications has increased, and interest is developing in rheology, durability, deformability and whole-life behaviour.This book presents a number of simple models for the understanding of a concrete system, and provides the techniques for developing more sophisticated models for the practical design of concrete mixes.

Poor durability of concrete is a major cause of problems in modern building and civil engineering structures in all countries: the annual cost of investigating and repairing deteriorating reinforced concrete structures runs into many millions of pounds. This book explains the fundamentals of the corrosion of steel in concrete. It is comprehensive and provides a basis for the practising engineer to design concrete structures which avoid the problem using modern concepts and specifications. A limited discussion of corrosion measurement and repairs is also provided.

Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials provides a thorough treatment of the experimental techniques used to characterize the pore structure of materials. The text presents the principles and practical applications of the techniques used, organized in an easy-to-follow and uncomplicated manner, providing the theoretical background, the way to analyze experimental data, and the factors affecting the results. The book is the single comprehensive source of the techniques most commonly used for pore structure analysis, covering simple techniques like mercury intrusion porosimetry and water absorption, to the more sophisticated small-angle scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. The book is an essential reference text for researchers, users, and students in materials science, applied physics, and civil engineering, who seek a deep understanding of the principles and limitations of the techniques used for pore structure analysis of cement-based materials.

Linking theory to practice, this book provides a better fundamental understanding of Portland cement and hydraulic binders which is necessary to make better concrete. It has been clearly demonstrated that concrete durability is closely linked to its water/binder ratio and proper curing during the first week after casting. In this rigorously presented work, Pierre-Claude Aïtcin explains the complexity of the hydration reaction and how to make, use and cure durable and sustainable concrete. This book also details the problems with Portland cement composition at present and outlines the concept of an ideal hydraulic binder which is technically and ecologically efficient, as well as being long-lasting and robust.Binders for Durable and Sustainable Concrete is a practical and innovative reference text which will be particularly relevant to engineers and chemists working in the Portland cement, concrete and admixture industries. This book will also be of interest to academics and graduate-level students in Civil Engineering departments who specialize in Portland cement and concrete technology.

The only book to cover the use of special inorganic cements instead of standard Portland cement in certain specialist applications, such as oil well drilling or in a high temperature location. Special Inorganic Cements draws together information which is widely scattered in the technical literature. It describes various special cements, their chemistry and mineralogy along with the appropriate manufacturing processes, their hydration and hydration properties, and their applications.

A complete review of the fast-developing topic of high performance concrete (HPC) by one of the leading researchers in the field. It covers all aspects of HPC from materials, properties and technology, to construction and testing. The book will be valuable for all concrete technologists and construction engineers wishing to take advantage of the remarkable properties of the material.

Elevated temperatures are known to affect the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. This book describes in detail these effects and explains the mechanisms involved with particular reference to their practical aspects.

Concrete has clearly emerged as the most economical and durable material for the building of the vast majority of marine structures. Reinforced concrete too has overcome the technological problems making it a suitable material for the construction of advanced marine structures such as offshore drilling platforms, superspan bridges and undersea tunnels. As the world becomes increasingly ocean-oriented for energy and other resources it is predicted that construction activities during the 21st century will be dominated by concrete sea structures. The performance of concrete in the marine environment is presented here in a logical manner giving state-of-the-art reviews of the nature of the marine environment, the composition and properties of concrete, history of concrete performance in seawater, major causes of deterioration of concrete in the marine environment, selection of materials and mix proportioning for durable concrete, recommended concrete practice and repair of deteriorated marine structures. It is of value to any design or construction engineer responsible for marine structures.

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) has emerged in recent years as an attractive new high performance cement-based composite. Textiles can significantly improve the mechanical behavior of cement matrices under static and dynamic conditions, and give superior tensile strength, toughness, ductility, energy absorption and protection against environmental degrading influences. Flexibility with fabric production methods enables the control of fabric and yarn geometry. This, along with the ability to incorporate into the fabric a range of yarns of different types and performances, as well as cement matrix modifications, enables design of the composite to a wide range of needs.The book is intended to provide a comprehensive treatment of TRC, covering the basic fundamentals of the composite material itself and the principles governing its performance on a macro-scale as a component in a structure. It provides in-depth treatment of the fabric, methods for production of the composite, the micro-mechanics with special attention to the role of bonding and microstructure, behavior under static and dynamic loading, sustainability, design, and the applications of TRC composites.

Linking theory to practice, this book provides a better fundamental understanding of Portland cement and hydraulic binders which is necessary to make better concrete. It has been clearly demonstrated that concrete durability is closely linked to its water/binder ratio and proper curing during the first week after casting. In this rigorously presented work, Pierre-Claude Aïtcin explains the complexity of the hydration reaction and how to make, use and cure durable and sustainable concrete. This book also details the problems with Portland cement composition at present and outlines the concept of an ideal hydraulic binder which is technically and ecologically efficient, as well as being long-lasting and robust.Binders for Durable and Sustainable Concrete is a practical and innovative reference text which will be particularly relevant to engineers and chemists working in the Portland cement, concrete and admixture industries. This book will also be of interest to academics and graduate-level students in Civil Engineering departments who specialize in Portland cement and concrete technology.

Production of Portland cement is responsible for about seven percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. The pressure to make the production of concrete more sustainable, or "greener", is considerable and increasing. This requires a wholesale shift in processes, materials and methods in the concrete industry. Pure Portland cement will need to be replaced by more complex binary, tertiary or even quaternary binders, including other types of cementitious materials. We can expect an increasing use of high performance concrete, primarily because of its high sustainability and durability. Much more attention will have to be paid to the proper curing of the concrete if we want to improve its life expectancy. Presenting the latest advances in the science of concrete this book focuses particularly on sustainability, durability, and economy. It explores the potential for increased sustainability in concrete from the initial mixing right through to its behaviour in complex structures exposed to different types of loads and aggressive environments.

Elevated temperatures are known to affect the properties of both fresh and hardened concrete. This book describes in detail these effects and explains the mechanisms involved with particular reference to their practical aspects.

This book provides a comprehensive and authoritative review of durability of the frost resistance of concrete. It will enable both concrete materials specialists and practising engineers to better understand the deterioration processes which take place during freezing and thawing, and the effects of de-icing salts on concrete. It shows how test procedures can be used to provide worthwhile information and explains the many problems associated with their use. Durability of Concrete in Cold Climates explains how concrete can be designed and produced to be durable in cold environments, through careful selection of materials, mixture composition and proper use of air entrainment. It is fully illustrated with photographs and diagrams and contains over 250 references to sources and other publications. The main topics covered are: theories of frost ction and de-icer salt scaling mechanisms; laboratory tests; influence of materials and mix characteristics; air entrainment; field performance; and frost durability of dry concretes.

A complete review of the fast-developing topic of high performance concrete (HPC) by one of the leading researchers in the field. It covers all aspects of HPC from materials, properties and technology, to construction and testing. The book will be valuable for all concrete technologists and construction engineers wishing to take advantage of the remarkable properties of the material.

Poor durability of concrete is a major cause of problems in modern building and civil engineering structures in all countries: the annual cost of investigating and repairing deteriorating reinforced concrete structures runs into many millions of pounds. This book explains the fundamentals of the corrosion of steel in concrete. It is comprehensive and provides a basis for the practising engineer to design concrete structures which avoid the problem using modern concepts and specifications. A limited discussion of corrosion measurement and repairs is also provided.

The only book to cover the use of special inorganic cements instead of standard Portland cement in certain specialist applications, such as oil well drilling or in a high temperature location. Special Inorganic Cements draws together information which is widely scattered in the technical literature. It describes various special cements, their chemistry and mineralogy along with the appropriate manufacturing processes, their hydration and hydration properties, and their applications.

Pore Structure of Cement-Based Materials provides a thorough treatment of the experimental techniques used to characterize the pore structure of materials. The text presents the principles and practical applications of the techniques used, organized in an easy-to-follow and uncomplicated manner, providing the theoretical background, the way to analyze experimental data, and the factors affecting the results. The book is the single comprehensive source of the techniques most commonly used for pore structure analysis, covering simple techniques like mercury intrusion porosimetry and water absorption, to the more sophisticated small-angle scattering and nuclear magnetic resonance. The book is an essential reference text for researchers, users, and students in materials science, applied physics, and civil engineering, who seek a deep understanding of the principles and limitations of the techniques used for pore structure analysis of cement-based materials.

The design of concrete mixes is becoming increasingly complex, with the addition of new materials in the compounds, such as organic admixtures, fibres and supplementary cementitious materials. Moreover, the list of properties which concretes are required to possess for certain applications has increased, and interest is developing in rheology, durability, deformability and whole-life behaviour.This book presents a number of simple models for the understanding of a concrete system, and provides the techniques for developing more sophisticated models for the practical design of concrete mixes.

Durability and service life design of concrete constructions have considerable socio-economic and environmental consequences, in which the permeability of concrete to aggressive intruders plays a vital role.Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance provides deep insight into the permeability of concrete, moving from theory to practice, and presents over 20 real cases, such as Tokyo’s Museum of Western Art, Port of Miami Tunnel and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao sea-link, including field tests in the Antarctic and Atacama Desert. It stresses the importance of site testing for a realistic durability assessment and details the "Torrent Method" for non-destructive measurement of air-permeability. It also delivers answers for some vexing questions:Should the coefficient of permeability be expressed in m² or m/s?How to get a "mean" pore radius of concrete from gas-permeability tests?Why should permeability preferably be measured on site?How can service life of reinforced concrete structures be predicted by site testing of gas-permeability and cover thickness?Practitioners will find stimulating examples on how to predict the coming service life of new structures and the remaining life of existing structures, based on site testing of air-permeability and cover thickness. Researchers will value theoretical principles, testing methods, as well as how test results reflect the influence of concrete mix composition and processing.

Shotcrete: Materials, Performance and Use is a comprehensive textbook covering the current state-of-the-art shotcrete technology. It provides an overview of the many and various uses of shotcrete. Shotcrete is well suited for construction of curvilinear structures (domes, shells, bobsleigh/luge tracks, etc.) and overhead shotcrete applications (seismic retrofit, repairs, ground support, etc.) that could not be constructed technically and/or economically using conventional formed, cast-in-place concrete construction methods.It contains chapters on history, shotcrete materials and mixture proportioning, performance, shotcrete research, equipment and shotcrete application. It is also comprised of shotcrete case history examples including buildings and structures, infrastructure repair and rehabilitation, ground support and shoring, underground support in tunnels and mines, swimming pools and spas, and, finally, architectural shotcrete.This text should be of interest to design engineers and architects considering the use of the technology, as well as academics. It serves as a useful guide to contractors using shotcrete in one or more of its many and various applications.

This new edition sets out the fundamental aspects of concrete durability with an emphasis on sustainability and carbon neutrality through performance-based methodologies. Global approaches to managing durability are explained from both a prescriptive and performance viewpoint. Achieving a balance between the interactive factors influencing durability and sustainability is supported by an explanation of the physical and chemical phenomena at play, determination of key performance parameters by mathematical modelling and physical testing, and current guidance for good practice. New chapters and sections examine the holistic approach to durability and significant aspects of traditional and new cementitious systems. The full range of threats to durability are covered in this single volume, including reinforcement corrosion, carbonation, chloride ingress, freeze-thaw effects, sulfate attack, acid and seawater attack, alkali-aggregate reaction, cracking, abrasion, erosion, cavitation, and weathering.The book presents a framework for specification through internationally adopted codes and standards and summarises the background to probabilistic approaches to durability design, providing a state-of-the-art review of mathematical modelling of deterioration mechanisms along with current directions in test methods for performance-based specifications.Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete is an essential reference on concrete durability for specifiers and researchers and is also accessible to undergraduate students.

This new edition sets out the fundamental aspects of concrete durability with an emphasis on sustainability and carbon neutrality through performance-based methodologies. Global approaches to managing durability are explained from both a prescriptive and performance viewpoint. Achieving a balance between the interactive factors influencing durability and sustainability is supported by an explanation of the physical and chemical phenomena at play, determination of key performance parameters by mathematical modelling and physical testing, and current guidance for good practice. New chapters and sections examine the holistic approach to durability and significant aspects of traditional and new cementitious systems. The full range of threats to durability are covered in this single volume, including reinforcement corrosion, carbonation, chloride ingress, freeze-thaw effects, sulfate attack, acid and seawater attack, alkali-aggregate reaction, cracking, abrasion, erosion, cavitation, and weathering.The book presents a framework for specification through internationally adopted codes and standards and summarises the background to probabilistic approaches to durability design, providing a state-of-the-art review of mathematical modelling of deterioration mechanisms along with current directions in test methods for performance-based specifications.Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete is an essential reference on concrete durability for specifiers and researchers and is also accessible to undergraduate students.

This well-established text brings together in one volume current research and information on the selection and use of aggregates in concrete. It gives an overview of aggregate sources, production, and availability, followed by a detailed treatment of their physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. This crucial background is then applied to the use of aggregates in both plastic and hardened concrete, and in the overall mix design, with emphasis on the influence of aggregates on concrete performance.Aggregates in Concrete Second Edition includes a new chapter that deals with sustainability considerations and new material on aggregates in specialised rheological mixes. Special aggregates and their applications are discussed in detail, especially the use of recycled aggregates – from CDW and recycled concrete – and aggregates derived from industrial and agro-waste materials, as well as porous aggregates for internal curing of concrete. The main aggregate specifications, standards, and tests in use are also detailed.This book is essential for practitioners in concrete while remaining accessible for students in the field.

This book reports on cutting-edge research within the new field of active rheology control of cementitious materials, presenting new ideas developed within the ERC Advanced Grant Project, SmartCast (hosted at Ghent University), which extend the possibilities of admixtures and additions beyond current options.The research presented here develops a new method of actively controlling the rheology of fresh concrete during casting operations by incorporating specially designed responsive components. This results in real-time changes to the rheological behaviour of the cementitious material, allowing the user to intervene actively after the cementitious material has left the mixing phase. This newly gained agility contributes to increased processing speed and placement reliability in the case of traditional casting methods and can also facilitate advanced 3D concrete printing. The different routes followed to achieve this Active Rheology Control are explained within.The book suits researchers and innovative practitioners and is the first comprehensive text to present these new findings.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

This book reports on cutting-edge research within the new field of active rheology control of cementitious materials, presenting new ideas developed within the ERC Advanced Grant Project, SmartCast (hosted at Ghent University), which extend the possibilities of admixtures and additions beyond current options.The research presented here develops a new method of actively controlling the rheology of fresh concrete during casting operations by incorporating specially designed responsive components. This results in real-time changes to the rheological behaviour of the cementitious material, allowing the user to intervene actively after the cementitious material has left the mixing phase. This newly gained agility contributes to increased processing speed and placement reliability in the case of traditional casting methods and can also facilitate advanced 3D concrete printing. The different routes followed to achieve this Active Rheology Control are explained within.The book suits researchers and innovative practitioners and is the first comprehensive text to present these new findings.The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

The focus of this book is to provide guidance on the prediction of time-temperature profiles in large concrete elements during the early stages of construction, with a view to minimising the likely damage that may occur to the concrete as a result of elevated temperatures caused by the heat of hydration of the cementitious materials. Early-age elevated temperatures in concrete elements create the potential for cracking of the structure as well as compromising the strength and durability of the concrete.The book provides details on the characteristics of cementitious materials and their effects on the rate of heat evolution as well as the effects of elevated curing temperatures on the physical, mechanical and durability properties of concrete. The book also considers the effectiveness of materials selection and construction methodologies for early-age concrete temperature management and control. Several case studies are presented to illustrate the important aspects in the design and construction of temperature-sensitive concrete structures.This book is primarily aimed at practicing design and construction engineers who are concerned with thermal effects and stresses in large concrete elements. It is also aimed at researchers and postgraduate students who may consider aspects of this wonderfully complex matter of heat transfer and temperature prediction in large concrete structures, as sufficiently interesting to warrant further research and investigation.

Production of Portland cement is responsible for about seven percentof the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. The pressure to make the production of concrete more sustainable, or greener, is considerable and increasing. This requires a wholesale shift in processes, materials and methods in the concrete industry. Pure Portland cement will need to be replaced by more complex binary, tertiary or even quaternary binders, including other types of cementitious materials. We can expect an increasing use of high performance concrete, primarily because of its high sustainability anddurability. Much more attention will have to be paid to the proper curing of the concrete if we want to improve its life expectancy. Presenting the latest advances in the science of concrete this book focuses particularlyon sustainability, durability, and economy. It explores the potential for increased sustainability in concrete from the initial mixing right through to its behaviour in complex structures exposed to different types of loads and aggressive environments.

Production of Portland cement is responsible for about seven percent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions. The pressure to make the production of concrete more sustainable, or "greener", is considerable and increasing. This requires a wholesale shift in processes, materials and methods in the concrete industry. Pure Portland cement will need to be replaced by more complex binary, tertiary or even quaternary binders, including other types of cementitious materials. We can expect an increasing use of high performance concrete, primarily because of its high sustainability and durability. Much more attention will have to be paid to the proper curing of the concrete if we want to improve its life expectancy. Presenting the latest advances in the science of concrete this book focuses particularly on sustainability, durability, and economy. It explores the potential for increased sustainability in concrete from the initial mixing right through to its behaviour in complex structures exposed to different types of loads and aggressive environments.

Durability and service life design of concrete constructions have considerable socio-economic and environmental consequences, in which the permeability of concrete to aggressive intruders plays a vital role.Concrete Permeability and Durability Performance provides deep insight into the permeability of concrete, moving from theory to practice, and presents over 20 real cases, such as Tokyo’s Museum of Western Art, Port of Miami Tunnel and Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao sea-link, including field tests in the Antarctic and Atacama Desert. It stresses the importance of site testing for a realistic durability assessment and details the "Torrent Method" for non-destructive measurement of air-permeability. It also delivers answers for some vexing questions:Should the coefficient of permeability be expressed in m² or m/s?How to get a "mean" pore radius of concrete from gas-permeability tests?Why should permeability preferably be measured on site?How can service life of reinforced concrete structures be predicted by site testing of gas-permeability and cover thickness?Practitioners will find stimulating examples on how to predict the coming service life of new structures and the remaining life of existing structures, based on site testing of air-permeability and cover thickness. Researchers will value theoretical principles, testing methods, as well as how test results reflect the influence of concrete mix composition and processing.