Okkulte Moderne – serie

This volume addresses controversies connected to the testing of the capacities and potentials of mediums. Today we commonly　associate the term "medium" with the technical communication between transmitters and receivers. Yet this term likewise applies to　those who cooperate with agencies that exceed the presumed domain of the material world. Insofar as one presumes a division　between distinctly opposed categories of religion and the secular, technical media tend to be associated with the secular and human　(trance) mediums tend to be associated with religion after 1900. This volume concerns the ways in which the term　medium still marks an overlapping of – and thus problematizes – the aforementioned division between religion and the secular, the　personal and the technological.The term medium carries with it a seed of doubt that is itself inseparable from investment in the medium's power: insofar as they　communicate with an "other" realm, mediums offer the hope and promise of new possibilities and improved efficiency, and thus of a　better life; yet they have simultaneously been under suspicion of altering (or even inventing) the messages they communicate. It is due　to this combination of promise and suspicion that "mediumism" has tended to evoke scientific, religious, and moral controversies. Thus,　we can speak of a "mediumistic trial" – that is, a process in which a medium is put to the test concerning its potentials and　trustworthiness. Around 1800, experts were asked if a modern secular institution would be capable of inspiring, domesticating or　excluding trance mediumship. This question has stayed with us ever since, and the answers have remained inconclusive. That is why　the past and present of mediumship may be asked to elucidate each other.

The historiographers of religious studies have written the history of this discipline primarily as a rationalization of ideological, most prominently theological and phenomenological ideas: first through the establishment of comparative, philological and sociological methods and secondly through the demand for intentional neutrality. This interpretation caused important roots in occult-esoteric traditions to be repressed.This process of “purification” (Latour) is not to be equated with the origin of the academic studies. De facto, the elimination of idealistic theories took time and only happened later. One example concerning the early entanglement is Tibetology, where many researchers and respected chair holders were influenced by theosophical ideas or were even members of the Theosophical Society. Similarly, the emergence of comparatistics cannot be understood without taking into account perennialist ideas of esoteric provenance, which hold that all religions have a common origin.In this perspective, it is not only the history of religious studies which must be revisited, but also the partial shaping of religious studies by these traditions, insofar as it saw itself as a counter-model to occult ideas.

The main subjects of analysis in the present book are the stages of initiation in the grand scheme of Theosophical evolution. These initiatory steps are connected to an idea of evolutionary self-development by means of a set of virtues that are relative to the individual’s position on the path of evolution. The central thesis is that these stages were translated from the “Hindu” tradition to the “Theosophical” tradition through multifaceted “hybridization processes” in which several Indian members of the Theosophical Society partook. Starting with Annie Besant’s early Theosophy, the stages of initiation are traced through Blavatsky’s work to Manilal Dvivedi and T. Subba Row, both Indian members of the Theosophical Society, and then on to the Sanâtana Dharma Text Books. In 1898, the English Theosophist Annie Besant and the Indian Theosophist Bhagavan Das together founded the Central Hindu College, Benares, which became the nucleus around which the Benares Hindu University was instituted in 1915. In this context the Sanâtana Dharma Text Books were published. Mühlematter shows that the stages of initiation were the blueprint for Annie Besant’s pedagogy, which she implemented in the Central Hindu College in Benares. In doing so, he succeeds in making intelligible how “esoteric” knowledge was transferred to public institutions and how a broader public could be reached as a result. The dissertation has been awarded the ESSWE PhD Thesis prize 2022 by the European Society for the Study of Western Esotericism.

Katholizismus und Esoterik scheinen allenfalls feindliche Berührungen zu haben – aber das Gegenteil trifft zu. In beiden Traditionen finden sich Stigmata, Neuoffenbarungen, Visionen, „Magie", spiritistische Kontakte ... Wir untersuchen, welche theologischen und soziologischen Konzepte dies möglich machen. Zentral ist eine poröse Transferzone zwischen „orthodoxer“ Theologie und „häretischen“ Vorstellungen. Ein Beispiel: Die Legitimationsstruktur von „Schrift und Tradition“ ermöglichte die Integration von religiösen Praktiken, die nicht aus dem Christentum stammten oder rechtfertigte Offenbarungen neben der Bibel. Dadurch blieben Gruppen innerhalb der Kirche, die sich im Protestantismus oft „separierten“ – und wurden dadurch von der Forschung kaum wahrgenommen. Dies bedeutet für die Religionswissenschaft, das stark protestantisch geprägte boundary-work zu Bestimmung der Grenze einer christlichen „Orthodoxie“ zu revidieren und dabei die Rolle von spiritualistischen Theologien neu zu bestimmen. Der Katholizismus ist hier durch eine Grenzlandschaft gekennzeichnet, in der esoterische Vorstellungen flexibel adaptiert wurden – und in der man oft auf die Definition einer präzisen, eliminatorischen Grenzlinie verzichtete.