Optical Networks – serie

Next-generation high-speed Internet backbone networks will be required to support a broad range of emerging applications which may not only require significant bandwidth, but may also have strict quality of service (QoS) requirements. Furthermore, the traffic from such applications are expected to be highly bursty in nature. For such traffic, the allocation of static fixed-bandwidth circuits may lead to the over-provisioning of bandwidth resources in order to meet QoS requirements.Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising new technique which attempts to address the problem of efficiently allocating resources for bursty traffic. In OBS, incoming data is assembled into bursts at the edges of the network, and when the burst is ready to be sent, resources in the network are reserved only for the duration of the burst. The reservation of resources is typically made by an out-of-band one-way control message which precedes the burst by some offset time. By reserving resources only for the duration of the burst, a greater degree of utilization may be achieved in the network.This book provides an overview of optical burst switching. Design and research issues involved in the development of OBS networks are discussed, and approaches to providing QoS in OBS networks are presented. Topics include:- Optical burst switching node and network architectures- Burst assembly- Signaling protocols- Contention resolution - Burst scheduling- Quality of service in OBS networks

Survivable Optical WDM Networks investigates different approaches for designing and operating an optical network with the objectives that (1) more connections can be carried by a given network, leading to more revenue, and (2) connections can recover faster in case of failures, leading to better services. Different networks – wavelength-routed WDM networks, wavelength-routed WDM networks with sub-wavelength granularity grooming, and data over next-generation SONET/SDH over WDM networks – are covered. Different approaches are proposed to explore every aspect of a protection scheme such as:(1) Protection granularity: a. At wavelength granularity. b. At sub-wavelength granularity(2) Protection entity: a. Path protection. b. Sub-path protection. c. Segment protection.(3) Routing: a. Single-path routing. b. Multi-path routing.Tradeoffs between different objectives, e.g., resource efficiency vs. recovery time, are explored and practical approaches are proposed and analyzed.

Optical networks based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) tech­ nology offer the promise to satisfy the bandwidth requirements of the Inter­ net infrastructure, and provide a scalable solution to support the bandwidth needs of future applications in the local and wide areas. In a waveleng- routed network, an optical channel, referred to as a lightpath, is set up between two network nodes for communication. Using WDM technology, an optical fiber link can support multiple non-overlapping wavelength channels, each of which can be operated at the data rate of 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps today. On the other hand, only a fraction of customers are expected to have a need for such a high bandwidth. Due to the large cost of the optical backbone infrastruc­ ture and enormous WDM channel capacity, connection requests with diverse low-speed bandwidth requirements need to be efficiently groomed onto hi- capacity wavelength channels. This book investigates the optimized design, provisioning, and performance analysis of traffic-groomable WDM networks, and proposes and evaluates new WDM network architectures. Organization of the Book Significant amount of research effort has been devoted to traffic grooming in SONET/WDM ring networks since the current telecom networks are mainly deployed in the form of ring topologies or interconnected rings. As the long-haul backbone networks are evolving to irregular mesh topologies, traffic grooming in optical WDM mesh networks becomes an extremely important and practical research topic for both industry and academia.

Research and development on optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks have matured considerably. While optics and electronics should be used appropriately for transmission and switching hardware, note that "intelligence'' in any network comes from "software,'' for network control, management, signaling, traffic engineering, network planning, etc.The role of software in creating powerful network architectures for optical WDM networks is emphasized.Optical WDM Networks is a textbook for graduate level courses. Its focus is on the networking aspects of optical networking, but it also includes coverage of physical layers in optical networks. The author introduces WDM and its enabling technologies and discusses WDM local, access, metro, and long-haul network architectures. Each chapter is self-contained, has problems at the end of each chapter, and the material is organized for self study as well as classroom use. The material is the most recent and timely in capturing the state-of-the-art in the fast-moving field of optical WDM networking.

Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks is a broad review and reference for researchers and professionals of Quality of Service (QoS) support in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. The authors start with an overview of OBS architecture, then categorize and discuss existing QoS support in OBS including relative and absolute models, mechanisms for supporting multiple traffic classes, edge-to-edge provisioning, and other non-mainstream mechanisms.Optical networking professionals will find the literature review as an up-to-date coverage of topics which is both timely and helpful.

The objective of this book is to provide timely and comprehensive coverage of the principles, technology, practice, and future of tra?c grooming in op- cal networks. Tra?c grooming considerations are already shaping new switch designs and standards, including next generation Synchronous Optical N- work/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) and Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), are a?ecting future optical network technologies, and are creating new business opportunities. Yet information on the topic is sc- tered and there is a shortage of technical sources where relevant material can be accessed in a single location. The motivation for this book was to bridge this gap by providing a single authoritative point of reference to the tra?c grooming state of the art. Tra?c grooming is a complex subject, involving a number of interrelated concepts, standards, and technologies. It is also a rapidly growing ?eld of study,makingitdi?cultforasinglebooktocoverallaspectsindetail.Tocope with this scope and complexity, this book provides appropriate background information, followed by an in-depth study of a few key issues and challenges. It has been our intention to bring together a broad range of perspectives from preeminent researchers in both academia and industry. We believe that these multiple, diverse points of view add considerable value and make the contents more interesting to the reader.

Considering the key evolutions within the access network technologies as well as the unprecedented levels of bandwidth demands by end users, this book condenses the relentless research, design, and deployment experience of state-of-the-art access networks. Furthermore, it shares the critical steps and details of the developments and deployment of these emergent technologies; which is very crucial particularly as telecommunications vendors and carriers are looking for cost-effective ultra-broadband “last-mile” access solutions to stay competitive in the “post bubble” era.The book is written to provide a comprehensive overview of the major broadband access technologies and deployments involving internationally recognized authors and key players. Due to its scope and depth, the proposed book is able to fill an important gap of today’s available literature.

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of “optics” but more from the perspective of an engineering field within “optoelectronics.

Next-generation high-speed Internet backbone networks will be required to support a broad range of emerging applications which may not only require significant bandwidth, but may also have strict quality of service (QoS) requirements. Furthermore, the traffic from such applications are expected to be highly bursty in nature. For such traffic, the allocation of static fixed-bandwidth circuits may lead to the over-provisioning of bandwidth resources in order to meet QoS requirements.Optical burst switching (OBS) is a promising new technique which attempts to address the problem of efficiently allocating resources for bursty traffic. In OBS, incoming data is assembled into bursts at the edges of the network, and when the burst is ready to be sent, resources in the network are reserved only for the duration of the burst. The reservation of resources is typically made by an out-of-band one-way control message which precedes the burst by some offset time. By reserving resources only for the duration of the burst, a greater degree of utilization may be achieved in the network.This book provides an overview of optical burst switching. Design and research issues involved in the development of OBS networks are discussed, and approaches to providing QoS in OBS networks are presented. Topics include:- Optical burst switching node and network architectures- Burst assembly- Signaling protocols- Contention resolution - Burst scheduling- Quality of service in OBS networks

Survivable Optical WDM Networks investigates different approaches for designing and operating an optical network with the objectives that (1) more connections can be carried by a given network, leading to more revenue, and (2) connections can recover faster in case of failures, leading to better services. Different networks – wavelength-routed WDM networks, wavelength-routed WDM networks with sub-wavelength granularity grooming, and data over next-generation SONET/SDH over WDM networks – are covered. Different approaches are proposed to explore every aspect of a protection scheme such as:(1) Protection granularity: a. At wavelength granularity. b. At sub-wavelength granularity(2) Protection entity: a. Path protection. b. Sub-path protection. c. Segment protection.(3) Routing: a. Single-path routing. b. Multi-path routing.Tradeoffs between different objectives, e.g., resource efficiency vs. recovery time, are explored and practical approaches are proposed and analyzed.

Optical networks based on wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) tech­ nology offer the promise to satisfy the bandwidth requirements of the Inter­ net infrastructure, and provide a scalable solution to support the bandwidth needs of future applications in the local and wide areas. In a waveleng- routed network, an optical channel, referred to as a lightpath, is set up between two network nodes for communication. Using WDM technology, an optical fiber link can support multiple non-overlapping wavelength channels, each of which can be operated at the data rate of 10 Gbps or 40 Gbps today. On the other hand, only a fraction of customers are expected to have a need for such a high bandwidth. Due to the large cost of the optical backbone infrastruc­ ture and enormous WDM channel capacity, connection requests with diverse low-speed bandwidth requirements need to be efficiently groomed onto hi- capacity wavelength channels. This book investigates the optimized design, provisioning, and performance analysis of traffic-groomable WDM networks, and proposes and evaluates new WDM network architectures. Organization of the Book Significant amount of research effort has been devoted to traffic grooming in SONET/WDM ring networks since the current telecom networks are mainly deployed in the form of ring topologies or interconnected rings. As the long-haul backbone networks are evolving to irregular mesh topologies, traffic grooming in optical WDM mesh networks becomes an extremely important and practical research topic for both industry and academia.

Quality of Service in Optical Burst Switched Networks is a broad review and reference for researchers and professionals of Quality of Service (QoS) support in Optical Burst Switching (OBS) networks. The authors start with an overview of OBS architecture, then categorize and discuss existing QoS support in OBS including relative and absolute models, mechanisms for supporting multiple traffic classes, edge-to-edge provisioning, and other non-mainstream mechanisms.Optical networking professionals will find the literature review as an up-to-date coverage of topics which is both timely and helpful.

The objective of this book is to provide timely and comprehensive coverage of the principles, technology, practice, and future of tra?c grooming in op- cal networks. Tra?c grooming considerations are already shaping new switch designs and standards, including next generation Synchronous Optical N- work/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SONET/SDH) and Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), are a?ecting future optical network technologies, and are creating new business opportunities. Yet information on the topic is sc- tered and there is a shortage of technical sources where relevant material can be accessed in a single location. The motivation for this book was to bridge this gap by providing a single authoritative point of reference to the tra?c grooming state of the art. Tra?c grooming is a complex subject, involving a number of interrelated concepts, standards, and technologies. It is also a rapidly growing ?eld of study,makingitdi?cultforasinglebooktocoverallaspectsindetail.Tocope with this scope and complexity, this book provides appropriate background information, followed by an in-depth study of a few key issues and challenges. It has been our intention to bring together a broad range of perspectives from preeminent researchers in both academia and industry. We believe that these multiple, diverse points of view add considerable value and make the contents more interesting to the reader.

Considering the key evolutions within the access network technologies as well as the unprecedented levels of bandwidth demands by end users, this book condenses the relentless research, design, and deployment experience of state-of-the-art access networks. Furthermore, it shares the critical steps and details of the developments and deployment of these emergent technologies; which is very crucial particularly as telecommunications vendors and carriers are looking for cost-effective ultra-broadband “last-mile” access solutions to stay competitive in the “post bubble” era.The book is written to provide a comprehensive overview of the major broadband access technologies and deployments involving internationally recognized authors and key players. Due to its scope and depth, the proposed book is able to fill an important gap of today’s available literature.

Modeling, Simulation, Design and Engineering of WDM Systems and Networks provides readers with the basic skills, concepts, and design techniques used to begin design and engineering of optical communication systems and networks at various layers. The latest semi-analytical system simulation techniques are applied to optical WDM systems and networks, and a review of the various current areas of optical communications is presented. Simulation is mixed with experimental verification and engineering to present the industry as well as state-of-the-art research.This contributed volume is divided into three parts, accommodating different readers interested in various types of networks and applications. The first part of the book presents modeling approaches and simulation tools mainly for the physical layer including transmission effects, devices, subsystems, and systems), whereas the second part features more engineering/design issues for various types of optical systems including ULH, access, and in-building systems. The third part of the book covers networking issues related to the design of provisioning and survivability algorithms for impairment-aware and multi-domain networks.Intended for professional scientists, company engineers, and university researchers, the text demonstrates the effectiveness of computer-aided design when it comes to network engineering and prototyping.

Within the past few decades, information technologies have been evolving at a tremendous rate, causing profound changes to our world and our ways of life. In particular, fiber optics has been playing an increasingly crucial role within the telecommunication revolution. Not only most long-distance links are fiber based, but optical fibers are increasingly approaching the individual end users, providing wide bandwidth links to support all kinds of data-intensive applications such as video, voice, and data services. As an engineering discipline, fiber optics is both fascinating and challenging. Fiber optics is an area that incorporates elements from a wide range of techno- gies including optics, microelectronics, quantum electronics, semiconductors, and networking. As a result of rapid changes in almost all of these areas, fiber optics is a fast evolving field. Therefore, the need for up-to-date texts that address this growing field from an interdisciplinary perspective persists. This book presents an overview of fiber optics from a practical, engineering perspective. Therefore, in addition to topics such as lasers, detectors, and optical fibers, several topics related to electronic circuits that generate, detect, and process the optical signals are covered. In other words, this book attempts to present fiber optics not so much in terms of a field of “optics” but more from the perspective of an engineering field within “optoelectronics.

Optical Interconnects in Future Data Center Networks covers optical networks and how they can be used to provide high bandwidth, energy efficient interconnects for future data centers with increased communication bandwidth requirements. This contributed volume presents an integrated view of the future requirements of the data centers and serves as a reference work for some of the most advanced solutions that have been proposed by major universities and companies.Collecting the most recent and innovative optical interconnects for data center networks that have been presented in the research community by universities and industries, this book is a valuable reference to researchers, students, professors and engineers interested in the domain of high performance interconnects and data center networks.  Additionally, Optical Interconnects in Future Data Center Networks provides invaluable insights into the benefits and advantages of optical interconnects and how they can be a promising alternative for future data center networks.

This work addresses the topic of optical networks cross-layer design with a focus on physical-layer-impairment-aware design. Contributors captures both the physical-layer-aware network design as well as the latest advances in service-layer-aware network design. Treatment of topics such as, optical transmissions which are prone to signal impairments, dense packing of wavelengths, dispersion, crosstalk, etc., as well as how to design the network to mitigate such impairments, are all covered.

Research and development on optical wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) networks have matured considerably. While optics and electronics should be used appropriately for transmission and switching hardware, note that "intelligence'' in any network comes from "software,'' for network control, management, signaling, traffic engineering, network planning, etc.The role of software in creating powerful network architectures for optical WDM networks is emphasized.Optical WDM Networks is a textbook for graduate level courses. Its focus is on the networking aspects of optical networking, but it also includes coverage of physical layers in optical networks. The author introduces WDM and its enabling technologies and discusses WDM local, access, metro, and long-haul network architectures. Each chapter is self-contained, has problems at the end of each chapter, and the material is organized for self study as well as classroom use. The material is the most recent and timely in capturing the state-of-the-art in the fast-moving field of optical WDM networking.

Modeling, Simulation, Design and Engineering of WDM Systems and Networks provides readers with the basic skills, concepts, and design techniques used to begin design and engineering of optical communication systems and networks at various layers. The latest semi-analytical system simulation techniques are applied to optical WDM systems and networks, and a review of the various current areas of optical communications is presented. Simulation is mixed with experimental verification and engineering to present the industry as well as state-of-the-art research.This contributed volume is divided into three parts, accommodating different readers interested in various types of networks and applications. The first part of the book presents modeling approaches and simulation tools mainly for the physical layer including transmission effects, devices, subsystems, and systems), whereas the second part features more engineering/design issues for various types of optical systems including ULH, access, and in-building systems. The third part of the book covers networking issues related to the design of provisioning and survivability algorithms for impairment-aware and multi-domain networks.Intended for professional scientists, company engineers, and university researchers, the text demonstrates the effectiveness of computer-aided design when it comes to network engineering and prototyping.

This work addresses the topic of optical networks cross-layer design with a focus on physical-layer-impairment-aware design. Contributors captures both the physical-layer-aware network design as well as the latest advances in service-layer-aware network design. Treatment of topics such as, optical transmissions which are prone to signal impairments, dense packing of wavelengths, dispersion, crosstalk, etc., as well as how to design the network to mitigate such impairments, are all covered.

Optical Interconnects in Future Data Center Networks covers optical networks and how they can be used to provide high bandwidth, energy efficient interconnects for future data centers with increased communication bandwidth requirements. This contributed volume presents an integrated view of the future requirements of the data centers and serves as a reference work for some of the most advanced solutions that have been proposed by major universities and companies.Collecting the most recent and innovative optical interconnects for data center networks that have been presented in the research community by universities and industries, this book is a valuable reference to researchers, students, professors and engineers interested in the domain of high performance interconnects and data center networks.  Additionally, Optical Interconnects in Future Data Center Networks provides invaluable insights into the benefits and advantages of optical interconnects and how they can be a promising alternative for future data center networks.

This textbook details the architecture of a digital coherent optical system and describes its main digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. The authors first show how the combination of advanced modulation techniques, DSP and coherent detection has led to significant gains in capacity and ease of operation. The authors follow the path of the information from its generation in the transmitter, to propagation through the fiber and processing by the DSP algorithms in the receiver. The work summarizes academic results and presents them in a didactic way to students and practitioners working on the area of optical communications. A full suite of classroom materials is included for easy integration into a curriculum, containing theoretic and simulation problems, and off-the-shelf Matlab/Octave functions.

This textbook details the architecture of a digital coherent optical system and describes its main digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms. The authors first show how the combination of advanced modulation techniques, DSP and coherent detection has led to significant gains in capacity and ease of operation. The authors follow the path of the information from its generation in the transmitter, to propagation through the fiber and processing by the DSP algorithms in the receiver. The work summarizes academic results and presents them in a didactic way to students and practitioners working on the area of optical communications. A full suite of classroom materials is included for easy integration into a curriculum, containing theoretic and simulation problems, and off-the-shelf Matlab/Octave functions.

As wireless networks evolve into the era of 5G, 6G, and THz technologies, Microwave Photonics is rapidly emerging as a cornerstone for high-frequency communication, advanced sensing, and next-generation radar systems. Yet designing these complex systems demands more than theory – it requires mastery of practical, simulation-based techniques.Simulation Techniques in Microwave Photonics Systems is a comprehensive guide that brings together the theory and hands-on simulation of modern microwave photonic architectures. Using industry-leading platforms, OptiSystem® and ADS® (Advanced Design System), this book walks the reader through the design, modeling, and analysis of photonic subsystems for high-frequency RF applications, including:RF signal generation via Mach-Zehnder and Polarization modulatorsHigh-order frequency multiplication and optical frequency comb designSimulation and optimization of photonic transceivers for radio over fiber (RoF) linksEmerging techniques for THz signal generation suitable for 5G/6G infrastructureWhether you are a graduate student, researcher, or engineering professional, this book serves as both a practical manual and a technical reference – equipping the reader with the tools to simulate, innovate, and lead in one of the fastest-moving fields in modern technology.

This book takes a pragmatic approach to deploying state-of-the-art optical networking equipment in metro-core and backbone networks. The book is oriented towards practical implementation of optical network design. Algorithms and methodologies related to routing, regeneration, wavelength assignment, sub rate-traffic grooming and protection are presented, with an emphasis on optical-bypass-enabled (or all-optical) networks. The author has emphasized the economics of optical networking, with a full chapter of economic studies that offer guidelines as to when and how optical-bypass technology should be deployed. This new edition contains: new chapter on dynamic optical networking and a new chapter on flexible/elastic optical networks. Expanded coverage of new physical-layer technology (e.g., coherent detection) and its impact on network design and enhanced coverage of ROADM architectures and properties, including colorless, directionless, contentionless and gridless. Covers‘hot’ topics, such as Software Defined Networking and energy efficiency, algorithmic advancements and techniques, especially in the area of impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment. Provides more illustrative examples of concepts are provided, using three reference networks (the topology files for the networks are provided on a web site, for further studies by the reader). Also exercises have been added at the end of the chapters to enhance the book’s utility as a course textbook.

This book presents advances in the field of optical networks - specifically on research and applications in elastic optical networks (EON). The material reflects the authors’ extensive research and industrial activities and includes contributions from preeminent researchers and practitioners in optical networking. The authors discuss the new research and applications that address the issue of increased bandwidth demand due to disruptive, high bandwidth applications, e.g., video and cloud applications. The book also discusses issues with traffic not only increasing but becoming much more dynamic, both in time and direction, and posits immediate, medium, and long-term solutions throughout the text. The book is intended to provide a reference for network architecture and planning, communication systems, and control and management approaches that are expected to steer the evolution of EONs.

This book takes a pragmatic approach to deploying state-of-the-art optical networking equipment in metro-core and backbone networks. The book is oriented towards practical implementation of optical network design. Algorithms and methodologies related to routing, regeneration, wavelength assignment, sub rate-traffic grooming and protection are presented, with an emphasis on optical-bypass-enabled (or all-optical) networks. The author has emphasized the economics of optical networking, with a full chapter of economic studies that offer guidelines as to when and how optical-bypass technology should be deployed. This new edition contains: new chapter on dynamic optical networking and a new chapter on flexible/elastic optical networks. Expanded coverage of new physical-layer technology (e.g., coherent detection) and its impact on network design and enhanced coverage of ROADM architectures and properties, including colorless, directionless, contentionless and gridless. Covers‘hot’ topics, such as Software Defined Networking and energy efficiency, algorithmic advancements and techniques, especially in the area of impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment. Provides more illustrative examples of concepts are provided, using three reference networks (the topology files for the networks are provided on a web site, for further studies by the reader). Also exercises have been added at the end of the chapters to enhance the book’s utility as a course textbook.

This book investigates new enabling technologies for Fi-Wi convergence. The editors discuss Fi-Wi technologies at the three major network levels involved in the path towards convergence: system level, network architecture level, and network management level. The main topics will be: a. At system level: Radio over Fiber (digitalized vs. analogic, standardization, E-band and beyond) and 5G wireless technologies; b. Network architecture level: NGPON, WDM-PON, BBU Hotelling, Cloud Radio Access Networks (C-RANs), HetNets. c. Network management level: SDN for convergence, Next-generation Point-of-Presence, Wi-Fi LTE Handover, Cooperative MultiPoint.