Routledge Studies in Defence and Peace Economics – Serie

Global military expenditure reached an estimated $1,822 billion in 2018 and this book questions what that spending responds to and indeed what that entails in terms of global security.The book draws from prior knowledge and research on military expenditure but introduces an all-encompassing, in-depth and original analysis of military spending as a key and often overlooked factor of global instability, delving into the present and future consequences of its perpetual growth, as well as confronting the reasoning behind it. The authors argue that increasing military expenditure is not the best response to the emergencies militarization itself has helped create. They assert that militarization is paradoxically both a cause of and a response to the grave challenges our society is facing. The book explains why people are not well served by nation-states when they continuously seek to out-compete one another in the size and destructive powers of their militaries. It discusses the scope of military spending around the world, while explaining how militarism is linked with conflict and security threats, and how military spending further prevents us from adequately dealing with global environmental problems like climate change.A must-read for scholars, researchers and students from a wide range of disciplines. It will also find an audience among professionals from the third sector and activists working on issues related to peace, security and militarism, as well as social and climate justice.

Global military expenditure reached an estimated $1,822 billion in 2018 and this book questions what that spending responds to and indeed what that entails in terms of global security.The book draws from prior knowledge and research on military expenditure but introduces an all-encompassing, in-depth and original analysis of military spending as a key and often overlooked factor of global instability, delving into the present and future consequences of its perpetual growth, as well as confronting the reasoning behind it. The authors argue that increasing military expenditure is not the best response to the emergencies militarization itself has helped create. They assert that militarization is paradoxically both a cause of and a response to the grave challenges our society is facing. The book explains why people are not well served by nation-states when they continuously seek to out-compete one another in the size and destructive powers of their militaries. It discusses the scope of military spending around the world, while explaining how militarism is linked with conflict and security threats, and how military spending further prevents us from adequately dealing with global environmental problems like climate change.A must-read for scholars, researchers and students from a wide range of disciplines. It will also find an audience among professionals from the third sector and activists working on issues related to peace, security and militarism, as well as social and climate justice.

The Middle East is at an unprecedented crossroads between the established Euro-centric system and the emerging Asian powerhouses like India and China. Their economies, policies and social structures are a half-way-house between these two dominant groups and are an important case study to examine in order to highlight future prospects and problems of the global system. The Middle East is an important missing piece in a huge global puzzle. This book makes a significant step towards understanding that puzzle and offers solutions for how to fully integrate this missing jigsaw piece into the global economic system.Analytical Peace Economics: The Illusion of War for Peace focuses on three critical issues in the Middle East that dominate discussions about their place in the global political economy: conflict, oil and (regional) development. Examining economic and social development in juxtaposition with conflict and peace, this book adapts, develops and applies historical, geographical, economic and psychological methods, creating a nuanced approach to the collective understanding of the economic and social dynamics in the region. By developing theoretical models and analysing empirical research, this book offers an economic analysis of the attempt to find peace through war and seeks to find alternative solutions.This book will be of interest to researchers, policy makers and doctoral students of economics, finance and social sciences as well as advanced undergraduate students of peace economics and development studies.

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has been faced with new regional conflicts, terrorism and threats from the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and from rogue states. The world remains uncertain, unstable and insecure with continued threats to global peace and security. The world economic crisis has also threatened government spending with defence as a candidate for spending cuts. Choices have to be made about the size of a nation’s defence budget, its allocation between nuclear and conventional forces, between equipment and personnel and between air, land and sea forces. Major reductions in defence spending and the challenge of maintaining security with increasingly limited resources will confront the defence budgets of all nations. This book identifies the typical questions raised by economists when studying defence policy, shows how simple economic analysis can be used to answer these questions and provides a critical evaluation of defence policy. Controversial and illuminating, this pioneering work subjects the myths, emotion and special pleading which dominate defence debates to the close scrutiny of economic analysis and critical appraisal. It identifies the range of choices facing all governments with examples taken from the UK, Europe and the USA.This valuable contribution should be of interest to postgraduates and researchers focusing on defence economics, as well as those working in the military or defence ministries.

War often comes down to one thing: money. The role of economics in the study of both peace and war is arguably then the most important single factor when it comes to the study of defence. This excellent new book from Fanny Coulomb will be of interest not only to those involved in the burgeoning field of defence economics - it will also be of vital interest to students and academics from international relations, defence studies, philosophy and political science backgrounds.

The Arms Industry is an area that is of huge concern to many people around the world. The economics of this hugely important industry are a vital strand that needs to be understood.This volume brings together contributors from all over the globe, such as Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley, and focuses on the important issues surrounding the Arms Trade such as:*the determinants of US military expenditure*alliance formation and expansion*new challenges to export controlsThis well-rounded, comprehensive book will be of huge interest to students and academics involved in the economics of defence, as well as more general studies of the defence industry. The book will also be an invaluable read for those with an interest in the Arms Industry such as policy-makers and corporate managers.

This impressive book tracks the progress of twelve countries on five continents in moving resources from defense to civilian activity in the 1990's. Based on intensive field research, thanks to its truly international array of contributors, the book addresses each country with an impressive standard of scholarship. This accessible book is written in non-technical language and will be of great use and interest to academics involved with defense economics, defense studies and development studies. It will also prove popular with international development organizations, the defense industry and policy-makers around the world.

Countries that spend scarce resources to import arms from abroad often require arms sellers to 'reinvest' part or all of the proceeds back into the arms-importing country. These so-called 'arms trade offsets' are therefore thought to enhance domestic economic development. But does this process actually succeed?This book examines the theory and policy applications of arms trade offsets and looks at more than a dozen case studies drawn from across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The chapters, based on original research and published here for the first time, are all written by leading experts.That an impressive, lucid and cohesive volume such as this will interest defence economists can be taken almost for granted. The book will also be a useful and enlightening read for those interested in international development economics, military studies and policy-makers across the globe.

Arms purchases are among the most expensive, technologically challenging and politically controversial decisions made by modern-day governments. Superpower spending on weapons systems is widely analysed and discussed. But defence procurement in smaller industrial countries involves different issues which receive less attention. This volume presents a general framework for understanding smaller country defence procurement supported by country, industry and project studies.Part I provides a general framework for analysing smaller country defence procurement, focusing on the formation of national defence capabilities. The framework is then used to analyse issues around the development of procurement demand, the characteristics of defence industry supply, contracts and relationships between buyers and sellers, and government policy for defence procurement and industry development. Part II focuses on defence procurement in seven smaller industrial nations with widely varying historical and political settings (Australia, Canada, Israel, Singapore, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands). Part III consists of two Australian case studies of the procurement issues raised in, respectively, the naval shipbuilding industry and in a major, complex defence project.The book addresses the needs of public and private sector managers, military planners, procurement specialists, industry policy-makers, and defence procurement and industry educators. It presents general principles in an accessible manner and points to real-world experience to illustrate the principles at work. Therefore it will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in defence economics, strategic procurement, public sector procurement, and defence industry policy.

Whilst most books look at the political response to terror, this unique book takes an economic approach and includes contributions from Todd Sandler, Sanjay Jain, Andrew Chen, Valpy Fitzgerald and Dennis Mueller.Research in the field of terrorism has increased dramatically since 9/11, responding to the sudden need by policy makers, journalists and the general public to understand terrorism. A unique feature of this field of research is that it expands beyond typical academic categories such as macroeconomics, development studies, international relations or peace science, instead, a range of analysts have applied their various skills of different sub-disciplines to a common theme since 9/11, providing inter-disciplinary insights characterized by a clear focus.

Whilst most books look at the political response to terror, this unique book takes an economic approach and includes contributions from Todd Sandler, Sanjay Jain, Andrew Chen, Valpy Fitzgerald and Dennis Mueller.Research in the field of terrorism has increased dramatically since 9/11, responding to the sudden need by policy makers, journalists and the general public to understand terrorism. A unique feature of this field of research is that it expands beyond typical academic categories such as macroeconomics, development studies, international relations or peace science, instead, a range of analysts have applied their various skills of different sub-disciplines to a common theme since 9/11, providing inter-disciplinary insights characterized by a clear focus.

War often comes down to one thing: money. The role of economics in the study of both peace and war is arguably then the most important single factor when it comes to the study of defence. This excellent new book from Fanny Coulomb will be of interest not only to those involved in the burgeoning field of defence economics - it will also be of vital interest to students and academics from international relations, defence studies, philosophy and political science backgrounds.

Countries that spend scarce resources to import arms from abroad often require arms sellers to 'reinvest' part or all of the proceeds back into the arms-importing country. These so-called 'arms trade offsets' are therefore thought to enhance domestic economic development. But does this process actually succeed?This book examines the theory and policy applications of arms trade offsets and looks at more than a dozen case studies drawn from across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The chapters, based on original research and published here for the first time, are all written by leading experts.That an impressive, lucid and cohesive volume such as this will interest defence economists can be taken almost for granted. The book will also be a useful and enlightening read for those interested in international development economics, military studies and policy-makers across the globe.

Peacekeeping is a security concept that is very representative of the current interventionism, multilateralism, human rights, and humanitarian ideas. UN peacekeeping plays an important role in international security and includes various activities that go beyond the original roles assigned to UN armed forces (e.g. humanitarian aid, election supervision, disarmament, mine clearance, civilian protection, and peacebuilding). The problem is to define the economic efficiency of these operations and to develop some recommendations in the context of an economic globalization process.Although UN peacekeeping has shortcomings, it must be considered essential for organizing and defending the world politico-economic order. UN peacekeeping is a political activity, but its production strongly depends on nations’ economic considerations. Governments make political decisions that also take into account the economic gains they expect to obtain from their contribution to any specific mission. With low means and inadequate strategies to meet the challenges, UN peacekeeping must pay particular attention to resolving the problems of free riding and of prisoner’s dilemma in contributions that delay deployments and create significant financial problems. Understanding how peacekeeping can be most cost-effectively carried out, while considering the importance of legitimacy in interventions, is essential.This book believes that regional organizations can ease the UN’s financial responsibility by managing conflicts in their regions. But, to be most effective, they must involve the UN in their interventions. This book also emphasizes UN peacekeeping trust funds as the key to better financial effectiveness. It strongly recommends that NATO be empowered by the UN with the role of global peace police, and proposes the establishment of a UN high-ranking team of international specialists in peacekeeping issues. This research should be of interest to students and researchers looking at international and political economics, as well as international relations, defence, security and peace studies.

Economic development has emerged as a primary aspect of post conflict reconstruction, stabilization, and peace building efforts. However, the tools necessary for economic development in the after math of conflicts differ substantially from those of traditional economic development. Insights need to be generated as to the drivers of economic growth in a post-conflict environment by understanding the economic factors that led to conflict. Policy needs to be sequenced taking into account the short, medium, and long term economic environment. Conflicts are not alike and generic development tools need to be adapted, specifically tailored, and adjusted to the situation at hand. Finally, assessment tools must be developed to create a baseline from which progress and success can be measured and evaluated. In this book, Jomana Amara discusses the models used to explain economic growth and introduces the economic factors that could potentially lead to conflict, offering insights into the applicability of economic development theories to post conflict reconstruction and presents the economic factors unique to post conflict scenarios. The author also addresses the substantial overlap between the work of the development community, IOs and NGOs, and the security community and their struggle to accommodate each other and redefine their roles. Finally specific case studies are offered covering the spectrum from civil war, occupation, conventional engagements and insurgency in Afghanistan, Iraq, Palestine, Somalia, and Sudan.

Since the end of the Cold War, the world has been faced with new regional conflicts, terrorism and threats from the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and from rogue states. The world remains uncertain, unstable and insecure with continued threats to global peace and security. The world economic crisis has also threatened government spending with defence as a candidate for spending cuts. Choices have to be made about the size of a nation’s defence budget, its allocation between nuclear and conventional forces, between equipment and personnel and between air, land and sea forces. Major reductions in defence spending and the challenge of maintaining security with increasingly limited resources will confront the defence budgets of all nations. This book identifies the typical questions raised by economists when studying defence policy, shows how simple economic analysis can be used to answer these questions and provides a critical evaluation of defence policy. Controversial and illuminating, this pioneering work subjects the myths, emotion and special pleading which dominate defence debates to the close scrutiny of economic analysis and critical appraisal. It identifies the range of choices facing all governments with examples taken from the UK, Europe and the USA.This valuable contribution should be of interest to postgraduates and researchers focusing on defence economics, as well as those working in the military or defence ministries.

This book makes an original contribution to our knowledge of the world’s major defence industries. Experts from a wide range of different countries – from the major economies of North America and Western Europe to developing economies and some unique cases such as China, India, Singapore, South Africa and North Korea – describe and analyse the structure, conduct and performance of the defence industry in that country.Each chapter opens with statistics on a key nation’s defence spending, its spending on defence R&D and on procurement over the period 1980 to 2017, allowing for an analysis of industry changes following the end of the Cold War. After the facts of each industry, the authors describe and analyse the structure, conduct and performance of the industry. The analysis of ‘structure’ includes discussions of entry conditions, domestic monopoly/oligopoly structures and opportunities for competition. The section on ‘conduct’ analyses price/non-price competition, including private and state funded R&D, and ‘performance’ incorporates profitability, imports and exports together with spin-offs and technical progress. The conclusion explores the future prospects for each nation’s defence industry. Do defence industries have a future? What might the future defence firm and industry look like in 50 years’ time?This volume is a vital resource and reference for anyone interested in defence economics, industrial economics, international relations, strategic studies and public procurement.

International relations since the end of the Cold War have been relatively uneasy, yet we should not discount the fact that the intensity of conflicts has decreased compared to the situation in both the first and second halves of the 20th century. This book explores international security relations as the pandemic subsides and the war in Ukraine escalates, offering a good description of the main actors and the background of current threats.It lays the theoretical foundations for security economics, analyses U.S. foreign policy, introduces China as a new superpower and signals Russia as a great power in decline. It concludes by pointing out the pitfalls of exporting democracy and presenting the paradox of progress. The author asserts that we should not be alarmed that international relations are shifting. Following the Cold War, the U.S. achieved clear strategic and economic superiority, however, China, Russia, India and other great powers remain strong players that must be taken seriously.The book shows that asymmetric warfare often ends with the weaker side winning and the stronger one losing and being discredited. Different examples of this outcome include the American War in Vietnam (1965-73), the Soviet Union's defeat in Afghanistan (1979-1990), and the U.S. getting mired in the wars of Afghanistan and Iraq. The war in Ukraine is a demonstration of the illusion of an imperial power that believes it can impose its will on other nations, even against their will.The book will be a useful resource for academics, students and researchers, as well as policymakers and professionals interested in issues related to international security and defense.

International relations since the end of the Cold War have been relatively uneasy, yet we should not discount the fact that the intensity of conflicts has decreased compared to the situation in both the first and second halves of the 20th century. This book explores international security relations as the pandemic subsides and the war in Ukraine escalates, offering a good description of the main actors and the background of current threats.It lays the theoretical foundations for security economics, analyses U.S. foreign policy, introduces China as a new superpower and signals Russia as a great power in decline. It concludes by pointing out the pitfalls of exporting democracy and presenting the paradox of progress. The author asserts that we should not be alarmed that international relations are shifting. Following the Cold War, the U.S. achieved clear strategic and economic superiority, however, China, Russia, India and other great powers remain strong players that must be taken seriously.The book shows that asymmetric warfare often ends with the weaker side winning and the stronger one losing and being discredited. Different examples of this outcome include the American War in Vietnam (1965-73), the Soviet Union's defeat in Afghanistan (1979-1990), and the U.S. getting mired in the wars of Afghanistan and Iraq. The war in Ukraine is a demonstration of the illusion of an imperial power that believes it can impose its will on other nations, even against their will.The book will be a useful resource for academics, students and researchers, as well as policymakers and professionals interested in issues related to international security and defense.

First published in 1992. The changing strategic environment of the 1990s has been characterised by events such as the Middle-East conflagration and super-power disarmament which represent the two opposing ends of the present security spectrum. The framing of appropriate defence policies now depends on increased NATO industrial defence restructuring and cooperation, especially within Europe. This book identifies, explains and analyses the key issues involved in Europe's defence-industrial reorganisation progress. It tackles head-on controversial issues such as: divergences between practice and policy in NATO US-European positions; the high costs of collaborative ventures; competition vs concentration and the complexities of adopting an European defence consensus within NATO. At a time when the diminution of NATO's defence-industrial base goes hand-in-hand with product reorientation and specialization, this book provides concise, critical and contemporary assessment of European and NA TO collaborative issues.

Despite their growth, outlined and analysed in this book, the claims and counter-claims that surround offsets have not been subjected to critical scrutiny by economists. This book fills that gap. It brings together a team of internationally renowned specialists to document and evaluate the economic impact of several countries' offset policies. In addition, the papers by industrialists and defence officials yield further insights which help to tease out which of the claims made for offsets do not stand critical scrutiny.

From a cold war peak of some $1000 billion per annum, world military expenditure has declined by about 40% since 1990, reaching its lowest level for thirty years. With such significant decline in global public expenditure committments to the defence sector, a substantial and lasting peace dividend was anticipated. Most governments believed that market forces, left more or less to their own devices, would deal effectively with this major exogenous shock and generate sufficient new economic activity to allow increased public expenditure on health, education and welfare. The approach of this book is to challenge the fundamental but flawed belief that a substantial and lasting peace dividend could be secured through market solution alone. The principal assertion is that market adjustment by itself cannot deliver such a dividend.The book focuses on the major aspects of the economic, business and security consequences of post Cold War defence expenditure reduction. Key problems obstructing optimal market response are identified and possible remedial action by government and others is considered.

This important book explores the threats and challenges to regional security, for Nato, in the Mediterranean, and in the sub-Saharan countries, namely southern Africa. Written and edited by leading researchers, the volume's significance lies in its demonstration of how concepts from economics and other social science disciplines can be applied to important issues of defence, conflict and peace at the regional level.

This is the first comprehensive book on Military Cost-Benefit Analysis and provides novel approaches to structuring cost-benefit and affordability analysis amidst an uncertain defense environment and cloudy fiscal prospects. Lifting the veil on military Cost-Benefit Analysis, this volume offers several new practical tools designed to guide defense investments (and divestments), combined with a selection of real-world applications.The widespread employment of Cost-Benefit Analysis offers a unique opportunity to transform legacy defense forces into efficient, effective, and accountable 21st century organizations. A synthesis of economics, statistics and decision theory, CBA is currently used in a wide range of defense applications in countries around the world: i) to shape national security strategy, ii) to set acquisition policy, and iii) to inform critical investments in people, equipment, infrastructure, services and supplies. As sovereign debt challenges squeeze national budgets, and emerging threats disrupt traditional notions of security, this volume offers valuable tools to navigate the political landscape, meet calls for fiscal accountability, and boost the effectiveness of defense investments to help guarantee future peace and stability. A valuable resource for scholars, practitioners, novices and experts, this book offers a comprehensive overview of Military Cost-Benefit Analysis and will appeal to anyone interested or involved in improving national security, and will also be of general interest to those responsible for major government programs, projects or policies.

This book makes an original contribution to our knowledge of the world’s major defence industries. Experts from a wide range of different countries – from the major economies of North America and Western Europe to developing economies and some unique cases such as China, India, Singapore, South Africa and North Korea – describe and analyse the structure, conduct and performance of the defence industry in that country.Each chapter opens with statistics on a key nation’s defence spending, its spending on defence R&D and on procurement over the period 1980 to 2017, allowing for an analysis of industry changes following the end of the Cold War. After the facts of each industry, the authors describe and analyse the structure, conduct and performance of the industry. The analysis of ‘structure’ includes discussions of entry conditions, domestic monopoly/oligopoly structures and opportunities for competition. The section on ‘conduct’ analyses price/non-price competition, including private and state funded R&D, and ‘performance’ incorporates profitability, imports and exports together with spin-offs and technical progress. The conclusion explores the future prospects for each nation’s defence industry. Do defence industries have a future? What might the future defence firm and industry look like in 50 years’ time?This volume is a vital resource and reference for anyone interested in defence economics, industrial economics, international relations, strategic studies and public procurement.

Peacekeeping is a security concept that is very representative of the current interventionism, multilateralism, human rights, and humanitarian ideas. UN peacekeeping plays an important role in international security and includes various activities that go beyond the original roles assigned to UN armed forces (e.g. humanitarian aid, election supervision, disarmament, mine clearance, civilian protection, and peacebuilding). The problem is to define the economic efficiency of these operations and to develop some recommendations in the context of an economic globalization process.Although UN peacekeeping has shortcomings, it must be considered essential for organizing and defending the world politico-economic order. UN peacekeeping is a political activity, but its production strongly depends on nations’ economic considerations. Governments make political decisions that also take into account the economic gains they expect to obtain from their contribution to any specific mission. With low means and inadequate strategies to meet the challenges, UN peacekeeping must pay particular attention to resolving the problems of free riding and of prisoner’s dilemma in contributions that delay deployments and create significant financial problems. Understanding how peacekeeping can be most cost-effectively carried out, while considering the importance of legitimacy in interventions, is essential.This book believes that regional organizations can ease the UN’s financial responsibility by managing conflicts in their regions. But, to be most effective, they must involve the UN in their interventions. This book also emphasizes UN peacekeeping trust funds as the key to better financial effectiveness. It strongly recommends that NATO be empowered by the UN with the role of global peace police, and proposes the establishment of a UN high-ranking team of international specialists in peacekeeping issues. This research should be of interest to students and researchers looking at international and political economics, as well as international relations, defence, security and peace studies.

Arms purchases are among the most expensive, technologically challenging and politically controversial decisions made by modern-day governments. Superpower spending on weapons systems is widely analysed and discussed. But defence procurement in smaller industrial countries involves different issues which receive less attention. This volume presents a general framework for understanding smaller country defence procurement supported by country, industry and project studies.Part I provides a general framework for analysing smaller country defence procurement, focusing on the formation of national defence capabilities. The framework is then used to analyse issues around the development of procurement demand, the characteristics of defence industry supply, contracts and relationships between buyers and sellers, and government policy for defence procurement and industry development. Part II focuses on defence procurement in seven smaller industrial nations with widely varying historical and political settings (Australia, Canada, Israel, Singapore, Spain, Sweden and The Netherlands). Part III consists of two Australian case studies of the procurement issues raised in, respectively, the naval shipbuilding industry and in a major, complex defence project.The book addresses the needs of public and private sector managers, military planners, procurement specialists, industry policy-makers, and defence procurement and industry educators. It presents general principles in an accessible manner and points to real-world experience to illustrate the principles at work. Therefore it will be of interest to scholars and practitioners in defence economics, strategic procurement, public sector procurement, and defence industry policy.

The Arms Industry is an area that is of huge concern to many people around the world. The economics of this hugely important industry are a vital strand that needs to be understood.This volume brings together contributors from all over the globe, such as Todd Sandler and Keith Hartley, and focuses on the important issues surrounding the Arms Trade such as:*the determinants of US military expenditure*alliance formation and expansion*new challenges to export controlsThis well-rounded, comprehensive book will be of huge interest to students and academics involved in the economics of defence, as well as more general studies of the defence industry. The book will also be an invaluable read for those with an interest in the Arms Industry such as policy-makers and corporate managers.

This is the first comprehensive book on Military Cost-Benefit Analysis and provides novel approaches to structuring cost-benefit and affordability analysis amidst an uncertain defense environment and cloudy fiscal prospects. Lifting the veil on military Cost-Benefit Analysis, this volume offers several new practical tools designed to guide defense investments (and divestments), combined with a selection of real-world applications.The widespread employment of Cost-Benefit Analysis offers a unique opportunity to transform legacy defense forces into efficient, effective, and accountable 21st century organizations. A synthesis of economics, statistics and decision theory, CBA is currently used in a wide range of defense applications in countries around the world: i) to shape national security strategy, ii) to set acquisition policy, and iii) to inform critical investments in people, equipment, infrastructure, services and supplies. As sovereign debt challenges squeeze national budgets, and emerging threats disrupt traditional notions of security, this volume offers valuable tools to navigate the political landscape, meet calls for fiscal accountability, and boost the effectiveness of defense investments to help guarantee future peace and stability. A valuable resource for scholars, practitioners, novices and experts, this book offers a comprehensive overview of Military Cost-Benefit Analysis and will appeal to anyone interested or involved in improving national security, and will also be of general interest to those responsible for major government programs, projects or policies.