Series In Pure Mathematics - Böcker

The choice of topics included in this book, as well as the presentation of those topics, has been guided by the author's experience in teaching this material to classes consisting of advanced graduate students who are not concentrating in mathematics. This book contains an introduction to the modern theory of integration with a strong emphasis on the case of LEBESGUE's measure for (RN and eye toward applications to real analysis and probability theory. Following a brief review of the classical RIEMANN theory in Chapter I, the details of LEBESGUE's construction are given in Chapter II, which also contains a derivation of the transformation properties of LEBESGUE's measure under linear maps. Chapter III is devoted to LEBESGUE's theory of integration of real-valued functions on a general measure space. Besides the basic convergence theorems, this chapter introduces product measures and FUBINI's Theorem. In Chapter IV, various topics having to do with the transformation properties of measures are derived. These include: the representation of general integrals in terms of RIEMANN integrals with respect to the distribution function, polar coordinates, JACOBI's transformation formula and finally the introduction of surface measure followed by a proof of the Divergence Theorem. A few of the basic inequalitites of measure theory are derived in Chapter V. In particular, the inequalities of JENSEN, MINKOWSKI and HÖLDER are presented. Finally, Chapter VI starts with the DANIELL integral and its applications to the CARATHÉODORY Extension and RIESZ Representation Theorems. It closes with VON NEUMANN's derivation of the RADON-NIKODYM Theorem.

This is a textbook for a first course in functions of complex variable, assuming a knowledge of freshman calculus. It is designed for students in engineering, physics, and mathematics. Without sacrificing ease and clarity of proofs, mathematical preciseness and rigor are stressed. Cross references are used to justify almost every step in each proof. Solutions and hints are given to many exercises.

This is a textbook for a first course in functions of complex variable, assuming a knowledge of freshman calculus. It is designed for students in engineering, physics, and mathematics. Without sacrificing ease and clarity of proofs, mathematical preciseness and rigor are stressed. Cross references are used to justify almost every step in each proof. Solutions and hints are given to many exercises.

There are two approaches to compact lie groups: by computation as matrices or theoretically as manifolds with a group structure. The great appeal of this book is the blending of these two approaches. The theoretical results are illustrated by computations and the theory provides a commentary on the computational work. Indeed, there are extensive computations of the structure and representation theory for the classical groups SU(n), SO(n) and Sp(n). A second exciting feature is that the differential geometry of a compact Lie group, both the classical curvature studies and the more recent heat equation methods, are treated. A large number of formulas for the connection and curvature are conveniently gathered together.This book provides an excellent text for a first course in compact Lie groups.

This set of selected papers of Klingenberg covers some of the important mathematical aspects of Riemannian Geometry, Closed Geodesics, Geometric Algebra, Classical Differential Geometry and Foundations of Geometry of Klingenberg. Of significance were his contributions to Riemannian Geometry in the Large which opened a new area in Global Riemannian Geometry. He also introduced the Hilbert manifold of closed curves of class H1 on a Riemannian manifold. In connection with his work in closed geodesics, he became interested in the properties of the geodesic flow. Classical results from dynamical systems became useful tools for the study of closed geodesics. He was also credited for drawing closer together Riemannian Geometry and Hamiltonian systems, which had developed separately since the time of H Poincaré.Besides publishing research papers, Klingenberg also wrote a dozen books and lecture notes, among which is the important reference work “Riemannsche Geometrie im Groβen”.

In the past thirty years, differential geometry has undergone an enormous change with infusion of topology, Lie theory, complex analysis, algebraic geometry and partial differential equations. Professor Matsushima played a leading role in this transformation by bringing new techniques of Lie groups and Lie algebras into the study of real and complex manifolds. This volume is a collection of all the 46 papers written by him.

This book deals with boundary value problems for analytic functions with applications to singular integral equations. New and simpler proofs of certain classical results such as the Plemelj formula, the Privalov theorem and the Poincaré-Bertrand formula are given. Nearly one third of this book contains the author's original works, most of which have not been published in English before and, hence, were previously unknown to most readers in the world.It consists of 7 chapters together with an appendix: Chapter I describes the basic knowledge on Cauchy-type integrals and Cauchy principal value integrals; Chapters II and III study, respectively, fundamental boundary value problems and their applications to singular integral equations for closed contours; Chapters IV and V discuss the same problems for curves with nodes (including open arcs); Chaper VI deals with similar problems for systems of functions; Chapter VII is concerned with some miscellaneous problems and the Appendix contains some basic results on Fredholm integral equations. In most sections, there are carefully selected sets of exercises, some of which supplement the text of the sections; answers/hints are also given for some of these exercises.For graduate students or seniors, all the 7 chapters can be used for a full year course, while the first 3 chapters may be used for a one-semester course.

Essentials of integral geometry in a homogenous space are presented and the focus is on the basic results and applications. This book provides the readers with new findings, some being published for the first time and serves as an excellent graduate text.

Essentials of integral geometry in a homogenous space are presented and the focus is on the basic results and applications. This book provides the readers with new findings, some being published for the first time and serves as an excellent graduate text.

This volume brings together the major contributions of J L Koszul and some expository articles. They are organized in chronological order.The main subjects included are: cohomology of Lie algebras; relative cohomology; reductive subalgebras and transgression theorem; the formalism of spectral sequences; “Koszul complexes”; proper and differentiable actions of Lie groups; slices; hermitian forms on complex homogeneous domains; bounded domains; locally flat manifolds; convex homogeneous domains; simplicial spaces; themes related to Gelfand Fuks theory and supergeometry.

This volume contains selected papers of Dr Morikazu Toda. The papers are arranged in chronological order of publishing dates. Among Dr Toda's many contributions, his works on liquids and nonlinear lattice dynamics should be mentioned. The one-dimensional lattice where nearest neighboring particles interact through an exponential potential is called the Toda lattice which is a miracle and indeed a jewel in theoretical physics. The papers in this volume can be grouped into five subjects: statistical mechanics, theory of liquids and solutions, lattice dynamics, Toda lattice and soliton theory and its applications.

This book gives a self-contained fundamental study of the subject. Besides the following special features it contains the author's detailed solution to the long-standing unsolved problem in the theory of complex manifolds: Does there exist a complex structure on the six-sphere? The special features of the book are: a classification of almost complex (and similarly, almost Hermitian) structures together with inclusion relations; discussions about various known almost Hermitian structures; a necessary and sufficient condition for a general almost Hermitian manifold to have constant holomorphic sectional (or bisectional) curvature and similar conditions for various special almost Hermitian manifolds; some complex Laplacians together with some of their relationships with the real Laplacian; the spectral geometry of Riemannian manifolds and some general almost Hermitian manifolds including Kählerian manifolds as a special case; conditions for an almost complex structure to be a complex structure; some vanishing theorems for Riemannian and almost Hermitian manifolds.

This book is devoted to an analysis of the way that structures must enter into a serious study of any subject, and the term “structuralism” refers to the general method of approaching a subject from the viewpoint of structure. A proper appreciation of this approach requires a deeper understanding of the concept of structure than is provided by the simple intuitive notion of structures that everyone posseses to some degree. Therefore, a large part of the discussion is devoted directly or indirectly to a study of the nature of structures themselves. A formal definition of a structure, plus some basic general properties and examples, is given early in the discussion. Also, in order to clarify the general notions and to see how they are used, the later chapters are devoted to an examination of how structures enter into some special fields, including linguistics, mental phenomena, mathematics (and its applications), and biology (especially in the theory of evolution). Because the author is a mathematician, certain mathematical ideas have influenced greatly the choice and approach to the material covered. In general, however, the mathematical influence is not on a technical level and is often only implicit. Even the chapter on mathematical structures is nontechnical and is about rather than on mathematics. Only in the last chapter and earlier in three short sections does one find any of the expected “formal” mathematics. In other words, the great bulk of the material is accessible to someone without a mathematical background.

This book deals systematically with the mathematical theory of plane elasto-statics by using complex variable methods, together with many results originated by the author. The problems considered are reduced to integral equations, Fredholem or singular, which are rigorously proved to be uniquely solvable. Particular attention is paid to the subjects of crack problems in the quite general case, especially those of composite media, which are solved by a unified method. The methods used in this book are constructive so that they may be used in practice.

The book is an introduction to the foundations of Mathematics. The use of the constructive method in Arithmetic and the axiomatic method in Geometry gives a unitary understanding of the backgrounds of geometry, of its development and of its organic link with the study of real numbers and algebraic structures.

This book studies the interplay between mathematical analysis and differential geometry as well as the foundations of these two fields. The development of a unified approach to topological vector spaces, differential geometry and algebraic and differential topology of function manifolds led to the broad expansion of global analysis. This book serves as a self-contained reference on both the prerequisites for further study and the recent research results which have played a decisive role in the advancement of global analysis.

There are two approaches to compact lie groups: by computation as matrices or theoretically as manifolds with a group structure. The great appeal of this book is the blending of these two approaches. The theoretical results are illustrated by computations and the theory provides a commentary on the computational work. Indeed, there are extensive computations of the structure and representation theory for the classical groups SU(n), SO(n) and Sp(n). A second exciting feature is that the differential geometry of a compact Lie group, both the classical curvature studies and the more recent heat equation methods, are treated. A large number of formulas for the connection and curvature are conveniently gathered together.This book provides an excellent text for a first course in compact Lie groups.

This book is based on the teaching experience of the authors, and therefore some of the topics are presented in a new form. For instance, the multi-valued properties of the argument function are discussed in detail so that the beginner may readily grasp the elementary multi-valued analytic functions. The residue theorem is extended to the case where poles of analytic functions considered may occur on the boundary of a region — which is very useful in applications but not seen in textbooks written in English.

This book provides a detailed description of a most important unsolved mathematical problem — the Goldbach conjecture. Raised in 1742 in a letter from Goldbach to Euler, this conjecture attracted the attention of many mathematical geniuses. Several great achievements were made, but only until the 1920's. The book gives an exposition of these results and their impact on mathematics, particularly, number theory. It also presents (partly or wholly) selections from important literature, so that readers can get a full picture of the conjecture.

Translation generalized quadrangles play a key role in the theory of generalized quadrangles, comparable to the role of translation planes in the theory of projective and affine planes. The notion of translation generalized quadrangle is a local analogue of the more global “Moufang Condition”, a topic of great interest, also due to the classification of all Moufang polygons. Attention is thus paid to recent results in that direction, but also many of the most important results in the general theory of generalized quadrangles that appeared since 1984 are treated.Translation Generalized Quadrangles is essentially self-contained, as the reader is only expected to be familiar with some basic facts on finite generalized quadrangles. Proofs that are either too long or too technical are left out, or just sketched. The three standard works on generalized quadrangles are (co-)authored by the writers of this book: “Finite Generalized Quadrangles” (1984) by S E Payne and J A Thas, “Generalized Polygons” (1998) by H Van Maldeghem, and “Symmetry in Finite Generalized Quadrangles” (2004) by K Thas.

This volume focuses on discussing the interplay between the analysis, as exemplified by the eta invariant and other spectral invariants, the number theory, as exemplified by the relevant Dedekind sums and Rademacher reciprocity, the algebraic topology, as exemplified by the equivariant bordism groups, K-theory groups, and connective K-theory groups, and the geometry of spherical space forms, as exemplified by the Smith homomorphism. These are used to study the existence of metrics of positive scalar curvature on spin manifolds of dimension at least 5 whose fundamental group is a spherical space form group.This volume is a completely rewritten revision of the first edition. The underlying organization is modified to provide a better organized and more coherent treatment of the material involved. In addition, approximately 100 pages have been added to study the existence of metrics of positive scalar curvature on spin manifolds of dimension at least 5 whose fundamental group is a spherical space form group. We have chosen to focus on the geometric aspect of the theory rather than more abstract algebraic constructions (like the assembly map) and to restrict our attention to spherical space forms rather than more general and more complicated geometrical examples to avoid losing contact with the fundamental geometry which is involved.

During the last four decades, there were numerous important developments on total mean curvature and the theory of finite type submanifolds. This unique and expanded second edition comprises a comprehensive account of the latest updates and new results that cover total mean curvature and submanifolds of finite type. The longstanding biharmonic conjecture of the author's and the generalized biharmonic conjectures are also presented in details. This book will be of use to graduate students and researchers in the field of geometry.

During the last four decades, there were numerous important developments on total mean curvature and the theory of finite type submanifolds. This unique and expanded second edition comprises a comprehensive account of the latest updates and new results that cover total mean curvature and submanifolds of finite type. The longstanding biharmonic conjecture of the author's and the generalized biharmonic conjectures are also presented in details. This book will be of use to graduate students and researchers in the field of geometry.

The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to two interesting topics in geometry which have developed over the last fifteen years, namely, total mean curvature and submanifolds of finite type. The theory of total mean curvature is the study of the integral of the n-th power of the mean curvature of a compact n-dimensional submanifold in a Euclidean m-space and its applications to other branches of mathematics. The relation of total mean curvature to analysis, geometry and topology are discussed in detail. Motivated from these studies, the author introduces and studies submanifolds of finite type in the last chapter. Some applications of such submanifolds are also given. This book is self-contained. The author hopes that the reader will be encouraged to pursue his studies beyond the confines of the present book.

The purpose of this book is to introduce the reader to two interesting topics in geometry which have developed over the last fifteen years, namely, total mean curvature and submanifolds of finite type. The theory of total mean curvature is the study of the integral of the n-th power of the mean curvature of a compact n-dimensional submanifold in a Euclidean m-space and its applications to other branches of mathematics. The relation of total mean curvature to analysis, geometry and topology are discussed in detail. Motivated from these studies, the author introduces and studies submanifolds of finite type in the last chapter. Some applications of such submanifolds are also given. This book is self-contained. The author hopes that the reader will be encouraged to pursue his studies beyond the confines of the present book.

Every finite separable field extension F/K carries a canonical inner product, given by trace(xy). This symmetric K-bilinear form is the trace form of F/K.When F is an algebraic number field and K is the field Q of rational numbers, the trace form goes back at least 100 years to Hermite and Sylvester. These notes present the first systematic treatment of the trace form as an object in its own right. Chapter I discusses the trace form of F/Q up to Witt equivalence in the Witt ring W(Q). Special attention is paid to the Witt classes arising from normal extensions F/Q. Chapter II contains a detailed analysis of trace forms over p-adic fields. These local results are applied in Chapter III to prove that a Witt class X in W(Q) is represented by the trace form of an extension F/Q if and only if X has non-negative signature. Chapter IV discusses integral trace forms, obtained by restricting the trace form of F/Q to the ring of algebraic integers in F. When F/Q is normal, the Galois group acts as a group of isometries of the integral trace form. It is proved that when F/Q is normal of prime degree, the integral form is determined up to equivariant integral equivalence by the discriminant of F alone. Chapter V discusses the equivariant Witt theory of trace forms of normal extensions F/Q and Chapter VI relates the trace form of F/Q to questions of ramification in F. These notes were written in an effort to identify central problems. There are many open problems listed in the text. An introduction to Witt theory is included and illustrative examples are discussed throughout.

Every finite separable field extension F/K carries a canonical inner product, given by trace(xy). This symmetric K-bilinear form is the trace form of F/K.When F is an algebraic number field and K is the field Q of rational numbers, the trace form goes back at least 100 years to Hermite and Sylvester. These notes present the first systematic treatment of the trace form as an object in its own right. Chapter I discusses the trace form of F/Q up to Witt equivalence in the Witt ring W(Q). Special attention is paid to the Witt classes arising from normal extensions F/Q. Chapter II contains a detailed analysis of trace forms over p-adic fields. These local results are applied in Chapter III to prove that a Witt class X in W(Q) is represented by the trace form of an extension F/Q if and only if X has non-negative signature. Chapter IV discusses integral trace forms, obtained by restricting the trace form of F/Q to the ring of algebraic integers in F. When F/Q is normal, the Galois group acts as a group of isometries of the integral trace form. It is proved that when F/Q is normal of prime degree, the integral form is determined up to equivariant integral equivalence by the discriminant of F alone. Chapter V discusses the equivariant Witt theory of trace forms of normal extensions F/Q and Chapter VI relates the trace form of F/Q to questions of ramification in F. These notes were written in an effort to identify central problems. There are many open problems listed in the text. An introduction to Witt theory is included and illustrative examples are discussed throughout.

These book consists of two parts:(i) A detailed introduction by the editor to provide a full exposition on the developments of the study of Goldbach conjecture, including a complete reference.(ii) A collection of original papers on Goldbach Conjecture and is intended for graduate students and researchers in analytic number theory who have an understanding of basic elementary number theory and the theory of the distribution of prime numbers. The basic methods for treating Goldbach Conjecture are the circle method of Hardy and Littlewood and the sieve method of Brun. This book contains papers with originalities and important progresses on these two methods and all the papers in Chinese, French, German and Russian have been translated into English.

These book consists of two parts:(i) A detailed introduction by the editor to provide a full exposition on the developments of the study of Goldbach conjecture, including a complete reference.(ii) A collection of original papers on Goldbach Conjecture and is intended for graduate students and researchers in analytic number theory who have an understanding of basic elementary number theory and the theory of the distribution of prime numbers. The basic methods for treating Goldbach Conjecture are the circle method of Hardy and Littlewood and the sieve method of Brun. This book contains papers with originalities and important progresses on these two methods and all the papers in Chinese, French, German and Russian have been translated into English.