Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library – serie

This comprehensive and carefully edited volume presents a variety of experimental methods used in Shock Waves research. In 14 self contained chapters this 9th volume of the “Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library” presents the experimental methods used in Shock Tubes, Shock Tunnels and Expansion Tubes facilities. Also described is their set-up and operation. The uses of an arc heated wind tunnel and a gun tunnel are also contained in this volume. Whenever possible, in addition to the technical description some typical scientific results obtained using such facilities are described. Additionally, this authoritative book includes techniques for measuring physical properties of blast waves and laser generated shock waves. Information about active shock wave laboratories at different locations around the world that are not described in the chapters herein is given in the Appendix, making this book useful for every researcher involved in shock/blast wave phenomena.

In the present volume numerous descriptions of Ram accelerators are presented. These descriptions provide good overview on the progress made and the present state of the Ram accelerator technology worldwide.  In addition, articles describing light gas gun, ballistic range including a chapter dealing with shock waves in solids are given. Along with the technical description of considered facilities, samples of obtained results are also included. Each chapter is written by an expert in the described topic providing a comprehensive description of the discussed phenomena.

This comprehensive and carefully edited volume presents a variety of experimental methods used in Shock Waves research. In 14 self contained chapters this 9th volume of the “Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library” presents the experimental methods used in Shock Tubes, Shock Tunnels and Expansion Tubes facilities. Also described is their set-up and operation. The uses of an arc heated wind tunnel and a gun tunnel are also contained in this volume. Whenever possible, in addition to the technical description some typical scientific results obtained using such facilities are described. Additionally, this authoritative book includes techniques for measuring physical properties of blast waves and laser generated shock waves. Information about active shock wave laboratories at different locations around the world that are not described in the chapters herein is given in the Appendix, making this book useful for every researcher involved in shock/blast wave phenomena.

In the present volume numerous descriptions of Ram accelerators are presented. These descriptions provide good overview on the progress made and the present state of the Ram accelerator technology worldwide.  In addition, articles describing light gas gun, ballistic range including a chapter dealing with shock waves in solids are given. Along with the technical description of considered facilities, samples of obtained results are also included. Each chapter is written by an expert in the described topic providing a comprehensive description of the discussed phenomena.

The "Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library" is a numbered and bounded collection of specifically commissioned volumes on basic fundamental and applied aspects of shock wave science and technology. A unique collection, the library as a whole sets out to comprehensively and authoritatively cover and review the subject matter with all its ramifications. This book is the first of several volumes on solids in the library. These volumes are primarily concerned with high-pressure shock waves in solid media, including detonation, high-velocity impact, and penetration. All chapters are self-contained and can be read independently of each other, though they are of course thematically interrelated. They offer a timely reference for beginners, as well as professional scientists and engineers, on the foundations of shock waves in solids highlighting new viewpoints and burgeoning developments.

Shock waves in multiphase flows refers to a rich variety of phenomena of interest to physicists, chemists, and fluid dynamicists, as well as mechanical, biomedical and aeronautical engineers. This volume treats shock and expansion waves in: - complex, bubbly liquids (L. van Wijngaarden, Y. Tomita, V. Kedrinskii) and - cryogenic liquids (M. Murakami) and examines the relationship of shock waves with - phase transitions (A. Guha, C.F. Delale, G. Schnerr, M.E.H. van Dongen) - induced phase transitions (G.E.A. Meier) as well as their interaction with - solid foams, textiles, porous and granular media (B. Skews, D.M.J. Smeulders, M.E.H. van Dongen, V. Golub, O. Mirova). All chapters are self-contained, so they can be read independently, although they are of course thematically interrelated. Taken together, they offer a timely reference on shock waves in multiphase flows, including new viewpoints and burgeoning developments. The book will appeal to beginners as well as professional scientists and engineers.

This book is the second volume of Solids Volumes in theShockWaveScience and Technology Reference Library. These volumes are primarily concerned with high-pressure shock waves in solid media, including detonation and hi- velocity impact and penetration events. This volume contains four articles. The ?rst two describe the reactive behavior of condensed-phase explosives, and the remaining two discuss the inert, mechanical response of solid materials. The articles are each se- contained, and can be read independently of each other. They o?er a timely reference, for beginners as well as professional scientists and engineers, cov- ing the foundations and the latest progress, and include burgeoning devel- ment as well as challenging unsolved problems. The ?rst chapter, by S. She?eld and R. Engelke, discusses the shock initiation and detonation phenomena of solids explosives. The article is an outgrowth of two previous review articles: “Explosives” in vol. 6 of En- clopedia of Applied Physics (VCH, 1993) and “Initiation and Propagation of Detonation in Condensed-Phase High Explosives” in High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids III (Springer, 1998). This article is not only an - dated review, but also o?ers a concise heuristic introduction to shock waves and condensed-phase detonation. The authors emphasize the point that d- onation is not an uncontrollable, chaotic event, but that it is an orderly event that is governed by and is describable in terms of the conservation of mass, momentum, energy and certain material-speci?c properties of the explosive.

Los Alamos National Laboratory is an incredible place. It was conceived and born amidst the most desperate of circumstances. It attracted some of the most brilliant minds, the most innovative entrepreneurs, and the most c- ative tinkerers of that generation. Out of that milieu emerged physics and engineering that beforehand was either unimagined, or thought to be f- tasy. One of the ?elds essentially invented during those years was the science of precision high explosives. Before 1942, explosives were used in munitions and commercial pursuits that demanded proper chemistry and con?nement for the necessary e?ect, but little else. The needs and requirements of the Manhattan project were of a much more precise and speci?c nature. Spatial and temporal speci?cations were reduced from centimeters and milliseconds to micrometers and nanoseconds. New theory and computational tools were required along with a raft of new experimental techniques and novel ways of interpreting the results. Over the next 40 years, the emphasis was on higher energy in smaller packages, more precise initiation schemes, better and safer formulations, and greater accuracy in forecasting performance. Researchers from many institutions began working in the emerging and expanding ?eld. In the midst of all of the work and progress in precision initiation and scienti?c study, in the early 1960s, papers began to appear detailing the ?rst quantitative studies of the transition from de?agration to detonation (DDT), ?rst in cast, then in pressed explosives, and ?nally in propellants.

This book, as a volume in the Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, is primarily concerned with detonation waves or compression shock wavesinreactiveheterogeneousmedia,includingmixturesofsolid,liquid,and gas phases. Thetopicsinvolveavarietyofenergyreleaseandcontrolprocessesthrough heterogeneous reactive shock waves; a contemporary research ?eld of deto- tionthathasfoundwideapplicationsinpropulsionandpower,hazardprev- tion, as well as military engineering. This volume contains six chapters. The ?rsttwochaptersdescribethedetonationbehaviorofvolumetricallydispersed multiphase explosive mixtures, and the subsequent two chapters deal with condensed multiphase composite explosives. Chapter 5 discusses the unique solid-statereactionsinmicroscopicsolidparticlemixturesunderhigh-pressure shock loading. The ?nal chapter is fundamental in describing shock ignition behaviorofsolidandliquidparticles. Eachchapterisself-containedandcanbe read independently of the others, though they are thematically interrelated. They o?er a timely reference for graduate students as well as professional s- entists and engineers, by laying out the foundations and discussing the latest developments, including yet unresolved challenging problems.The ?rst chapter, by S. B. Murray and P. A. Thibault, discusses spray or liquid aerosol detonation. This chapter provides not only an updated review, but also o?ers a concise heuristic introduction to spray detonation for both high-vapor-pressure and low-vapor-pressure fuel. After an excellent introd- tory or refresher reading for any class on laboratory phenomena of con?ned spray detonation, the authors o?er a state-of-the-art description on deto- tion of uncon?ned fuel spray in air and its future research directions. This is possibly the ?rst article in the open literature that provides such a c- prehensive summary of the uncon?ned spray detonation phenomenon and its various engineering approaches.

The "Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library" is a numbered and bounded collection of specifically commissioned volumes on basic fundamental and applied aspects of shock wave science and technology. A unique collection, the library as a whole sets out to comprehensively and authoritatively cover and review the subject matter with all its ramifications. This book is the first of several volumes on solids in the library. These volumes are primarily concerned with high-pressure shock waves in solid media, including detonation, high-velocity impact, and penetration. All chapters are self-contained and can be read independently of each other, though they are of course thematically interrelated. They offer a timely reference for beginners, as well as professional scientists and engineers, on the foundations of shock waves in solids highlighting new viewpoints and burgeoning developments.

Shock waves in multiphase flows refers to a rich variety of phenomena of interest to physicists, chemists, and fluid dynamicists, as well as mechanical, biomedical and aeronautical engineers. This volume treats shock and expansion waves in: - complex, bubbly liquids (L. van Wijngaarden, Y. Tomita, V. Kedrinskii) and - cryogenic liquids (M. Murakami) and examines the relationship of shock waves with - phase transitions (A. Guha, C.F. Delale, G. Schnerr, M.E.H. van Dongen) - induced phase transitions (G.E.A. Meier) as well as their interaction with - solid foams, textiles, porous and granular media (B. Skews, D.M.J. Smeulders, M.E.H. van Dongen, V. Golub, O. Mirova). All chapters are self-contained, so they can be read independently, although they are of course thematically interrelated. Taken together, they offer a timely reference on shock waves in multiphase flows, including new viewpoints and burgeoning developments. The book will appeal to beginners as well as professional scientists and engineers.

This book is the second volume of Solids Volumes in theShockWaveScience and Technology Reference Library. These volumes are primarily concerned with high-pressure shock waves in solid media, including detonation and hi- velocity impact and penetration events. This volume contains four articles. The ?rst two describe the reactive behavior of condensed-phase explosives, and the remaining two discuss the inert, mechanical response of solid materials. The articles are each se- contained, and can be read independently of each other. They o?er a timely reference, for beginners as well as professional scientists and engineers, cov- ing the foundations and the latest progress, and include burgeoning devel- ment as well as challenging unsolved problems. The ?rst chapter, by S. She?eld and R. Engelke, discusses the shock initiation and detonation phenomena of solids explosives. The article is an outgrowth of two previous review articles: “Explosives” in vol. 6 of En- clopedia of Applied Physics (VCH, 1993) and “Initiation and Propagation of Detonation in Condensed-Phase High Explosives” in High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids III (Springer, 1998). This article is not only an - dated review, but also o?ers a concise heuristic introduction to shock waves and condensed-phase detonation. The authors emphasize the point that d- onation is not an uncontrollable, chaotic event, but that it is an orderly event that is governed by and is describable in terms of the conservation of mass, momentum, energy and certain material-speci?c properties of the explosive.

This book, as a volume in the Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, is primarily concerned with detonation waves or compression shock wavesinreactiveheterogeneousmedia,includingmixturesofsolid,liquid,and gas phases. Thetopicsinvolveavarietyofenergyreleaseandcontrolprocessesthrough heterogeneous reactive shock waves; a contemporary research ?eld of deto- tionthathasfoundwideapplicationsinpropulsionandpower,hazardprev- tion, as well as military engineering. This volume contains six chapters. The ?rsttwochaptersdescribethedetonationbehaviorofvolumetricallydispersed multiphase explosive mixtures, and the subsequent two chapters deal with condensed multiphase composite explosives. Chapter 5 discusses the unique solid-statereactionsinmicroscopicsolidparticlemixturesunderhigh-pressure shock loading. The ?nal chapter is fundamental in describing shock ignition behaviorofsolidandliquidparticles. Eachchapterisself-containedandcanbe read independently of the others, though they are thematically interrelated. They o?er a timely reference for graduate students as well as professional s- entists and engineers, by laying out the foundations and discussing the latest developments, including yet unresolved challenging problems.The ?rst chapter, by S. B. Murray and P. A. Thibault, discusses spray or liquid aerosol detonation. This chapter provides not only an updated review, but also o?ers a concise heuristic introduction to spray detonation for both high-vapor-pressure and low-vapor-pressure fuel. After an excellent introd- tory or refresher reading for any class on laboratory phenomena of con?ned spray detonation, the authors o?er a state-of-the-art description on deto- tion of uncon?ned fuel spray in air and its future research directions. This is possibly the ?rst article in the open literature that provides such a c- prehensive summary of the uncon?ned spray detonation phenomenon and its various engineering approaches.

This book, as a volume of the Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library, is primarily concerned with the fundamental theory of detonation physics in gaseous and condensed phase reactive media.The detonation process involves complex chemical reaction and fluid dynamics, accompanied by intricate effects of heat, light, electricity and magnetism - a contemporary research field that has found wide applications in propulsion and power, hazard prevention as well as military engineering.The seven extensive chapters contained in this volume are: - Chemical Equilibrium Detonation (S Bastea and LE Fried) - Steady One-Dimensional Detonations (A Higgins) - Detonation Instability (HD Ng and F Zhang)- Dynamic Parameters of Detonation (AA Vasiliev)- Multi-Scaled Cellular Detonation (D Desbordes and HN Presles)- Condensed Matter Detonation: Theory and Practice (C Tarver)- Theory of Detonation Shock Dynamics (JB Bdzil and DS Stewart) The chapters are thematically interrelated in a systematic descriptive approach, though, each chapter is self-contained and can be read independently from the others.  It offers a timely reference of theoretical detonation physics for graduate students as well as professional scientists and engineers.

The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.

Los Alamos National Laboratory is an incredible place. It was conceived and born amidst the most desperate of circumstances. It attracted some of the most brilliant minds, the most innovative entrepreneurs, and the most c- ative tinkerers of that generation. Out of that milieu emerged physics and engineering that beforehand was either unimagined, or thought to be f- tasy. One of the ?elds essentially invented during those years was the science of precision high explosives. Before 1942, explosives were used in munitions and commercial pursuits that demanded proper chemistry and con?nement for the necessary e?ect, but little else. The needs and requirements of the Manhattan project were of a much more precise and speci?c nature. Spatial and temporal speci?cations were reduced from centimeters and milliseconds to micrometers and nanoseconds. New theory and computational tools were required along with a raft of new experimental techniques and novel ways of interpreting the results. Over the next 40 years, the emphasis was on higher energy in smaller packages, more precise initiation schemes, better and safer formulations, and greater accuracy in forecasting performance. Researchers from many institutions began working in the emerging and expanding ?eld. In the midst of all of the work and progress in precision initiation and scienti?c study, in the early 1960s, papers began to appear detailing the ?rst quantitative studies of the transition from de?agration to detonation (DDT), ?rst in cast, then in pressed explosives, and ?nally in propellants.

This volume of the Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library is concerned with the interplay between bubble dynamics and shock waves. It is divided into four parts containing twelve chapters written by eminent scientists. Topics discussed include shock wave emission by laser generated bubbles (W Lauterborn, A Vogel), pulsating bubbles near boundaries (DM Leppinen, QX Wang, JR Blake), interaction of shock waves with bubble clouds (CD Ohl, SW Ohl), shock propagation in polydispersed bubbly liquids by model equations (K Ando, T Colonius, CE Brennen. T Yano, T Kanagawa,  M Watanabe, S Fujikawa) and by DNS (G Tryggvason, S Dabiri), shocks in cavitating flows (NA Adams, SJ Schmidt, CF Delale, GH Schnerr, S Pasinlioglu) together with applications involving encapsulated bubble dynamics in imaging (AA Doinikov, A Novell, JM Escoffre, A Bouakaz),  shock wave lithotripsy (P Zhong), sterilization of ships’ ballast water (A Abe, H Mimura) and bubbly flow model of volcano eruptions ((VK Kedrinskii, K Takayama).  The book offers a timely reference for graduate students as well as professional scientists and engineers interested in the interaction of shock waves with bubbles and their propagation properties in bubbly liquids with applications in medical and earth sciences.

This volume of the Shock Wave Science and Technology Reference Library is concerned with the interplay between bubble dynamics and shock waves. It is divided into four parts containing twelve chapters written by eminent scientists. Topics discussed include shock wave emission by laser generated bubbles (W Lauterborn, A Vogel), pulsating bubbles near boundaries (DM Leppinen, QX Wang, JR Blake), interaction of shock waves with bubble clouds (CD Ohl, SW Ohl), shock propagation in polydispersed bubbly liquids by model equations (K Ando, T Colonius, CE Brennen. T Yano, T Kanagawa,  M Watanabe, S Fujikawa) and by DNS (G Tryggvason, S Dabiri), shocks in cavitating flows (NA Adams, SJ Schmidt, CF Delale, GH Schnerr, S Pasinlioglu) together with applications involving encapsulated bubble dynamics in imaging (AA Doinikov, A Novell, JM Escoffre, A Bouakaz),  shock wave lithotripsy (P Zhong), sterilization of ships’ ballast water (A Abe, H Mimura) and bubbly flow model of volcano eruptions ((VK Kedrinskii, K Takayama).  The book offers a timely reference for graduate students as well as professional scientists and engineers interested in the interaction of shock waves with bubbles and their propagation properties in bubbly liquids with applications in medical and earth sciences.

The high temperatures generated in gases by shock waves give rise to physical and chemical phenomena such as molecular vibrational excitation, dissociation, ionization, chemical reactions and inherently related radiation. In continuum regime, these processes start from the wave front, so that generally the gaseous media behind shock waves may be in a thermodynamic and chemical non-equilibrium state. This book presents the state of knowledge of these phenomena. Thus, the thermodynamic properties of high temperature gases, including the plasma state are described, as well as the kinetics of the various chemical phenomena cited above. Numerous results of measurement and computation of vibrational relaxation times, dissociation and reaction rate constants are given, and various ionization and radiative mechanisms and processes are presented. The coupling between these different phenomena is taken into account as well as their interaction with the flow-field. Particular points such as the case of rarefied flows and the inside of the shock wave itself are also examined. Examples of specific non-equilibrium flows are given, generally corresponding to those encountered during spatial missions or in shock tube experiments.