Solid State Physics Literature Guides – serie

Man's first experience with the ordered state of matter to which we now apply the generic term "crystals" came about when he found specimens of some of the natural crystalline mineral substances that are re­ latively common in the surface and near-surface areas of the earth's crust. His first widespread use of these natural materials in which their crystalline nature was of importance was undoubtedly in fabricating jewelry and otherwise adorning his weapons, tools, and household items. Both the Old and New Testa­ ments of the Bible document the use of crystalline gems, and the Romans are credited with first employing diamonds-a metastable crystalline form of carbon-in jewelry. Various civilizations appear to have ascribed magical powers to some natural crystals, and they are known to have been widely accepted in Europe as having medicinal properties during the Middle Ages. Given early man's appreciation of the symmetry and beauty of natural crystals, it is not surprising that his earliest interest in working with these materials appears to have been directed toward techniques for duplicating or manufacturing these sub­ stances that were so highly valued as gems. Although the exact beginning of the science that we now know as "crystal growth" cannot be precisely specified, we do know that Robert Boyle had attempted to grow crystals that could be used as gems prior to 1672. Much later, in 1873, M. A.

and often on request from the issuing installation. USAEC reports are also available from International Atomic Energy Agency Kaerntnerring A 1010 Vienna, Austria National Lending Library Boston Spa, England Monographs and reports of the National Bureau 01 Standards are for sale by Superintendent of Documents U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. 20402 Theses, listed as Dissertation Abstracts + number, are available in North and South America from University Microfilms Dissertation Copies P. O. Box 1764 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 and elsewhere from University Microfilms, Ltd. St. John's Road Tylers Green Penn, Buckinghamshire England Conlenls Addendum ...xiii 1. Information Centers and Other Services ...1 2. Journals ...3 3. Methods of Crystal Growth - Books and Reviews ...5 4. Semiconductors - General, Reviews, and Bibliographies ...11 5. 1-V -VI Compounds ...21 6. li-IV - V2 Compounds ...23 7. II - V Compounds ...29 a. General, Reviews, and Bibliographies ...29 b. Zinc Compounds ...30 1. Zn3P2" ...30 2. ZnAs...30 3. ZnSb...30 4. Zn Mixed Systems ...31 c. Cadmium Compounds ...31 31 1. Cd3P2' ...2. Cd3As2 ...31 3. CdSb, Cd3Sb2 ...33 37 8. li-VI Compounds ...a.General, Reviews, and Bibliographies ...37 ...b. Zinc Compounds ...39 ...1. ZnO...39 Preparation and Properties ...39 Electrical Properties ...41 ...Optical Properties ...45 ...Physical Properties and Structure ...47 ...2. ZnS...49 3. ZnSe...52 4. ZnTe ...'...54 5. Zn Mixed Systems...55 ...55 c. Cadmium Compounds ...55 1. CdS ...2. CdSe...60 3. CdTe...61 4. CdTernaries ...62 ...d. Mercury Compounds ...64 ...

responsibility.) To Betty Edwards and Emily Copenhaver my thanks for what must have seemed endless typing, retyping and correcting of these bibliographies over a span of years. Availability of Documents U. S. Government contractor reports, usually identified by an alpha-numeric report number, can be purchased from National Technical Information Service U. S. Department of Commerce Springfield, Virginia 22151 and, often, on request from the issuing installation. USAEC reports are also available from International Atomic Energy Agency Kaerntnerring A 1010 Vienna, Austria National Lending Library Boston Spa England Monographs and reports of the National Bureau of Standards are for sale by Superintendent of Documents U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. 20402 Theses, listed as Dissertation Abstracts + number, are available in North or South America from University Microfilms Dissertation Copies P. O. Box 1764 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 and elsewhere from University Microfilms, Ltd. St. John's Road Tylers Green Penn, Buckinghamshire England Other Information Centers and New Journals New journals Information centers Field and and other sources serials Ultra purification 4, 8, 11, 13, 15, 16,19, 20, 9,11,15, 24, 31, 32 and 21, 28, 30, 32, 33, 42, 58, 59 crystal growth ix Preface Field Information centers New journals and and other -sources serials Characterization Miscellaneous 3,4, 8, 11, 13, 16, 19, 20, 1,3,4,8,11,15,17, 21, 26, 28, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 53, 56, 32 58, 60, 61, 62

Since 1963 the Research Materials Information Center has been answering inquiries on the availability, preparation, and properties of ultrapure inorganic research specimens. It has been possible to do this with reasonable efficiency by searching an automated coded microfilm collection of the report and open literature and of data sheets and question­ naires provided by commercial and research producers of pure materials. With the growth of the collection to over 70,000 documents and the increase in the demand for more general background information, it has been necessary to compile bibliographies on an increasing variety of subjects. These have been used as indexes to the microfilmed documents for more efficient searching, and in the past distributed in response to individual requests. However, their size and number no longer permit so casual and uneconomic a method of distribution. The "ORNL Solid State Physics Literature Guides" is a practical alternative. Organization The subject organization of the bibliography is given by the Table of Contents. Each section is preceded by a collection of reviews, bibliographies, and "general" papers (i.e., those dealing with methods or equipment rather than single materials, or with such a wide variety of materials that no subsection was appropriate). Coverage is generally from 1960 to mid-1970. Emphasis is on inorganic materials.

Research on ferroelectricity and ferroelectric materials started in 1920 with the discovery by Valasek that the variation of spontaneous polarization in Rochelle salt with sign and magnitude of an applied electric field traced a complete and reproducible hysteresis loop. Activity in the field was sporadic until 1935, when Busch and co-workers announced the observation of similar behavior in potassium dihydrogen phosphate and related compounds. Progress thereafter continued at a modest level with the undertaking of some theoretical as well as further experimental studies. In 1944, von Hippel and co-workers discovered ferroelectricity in barium titanate. The technological importance of ceramic barium titanate and other perovskites led to an upsurge of interest, with many new ferroelectrics being identified in the following decade. By 1967, about 2000 papers on various aspects of ferroelectricity had been published. The bulk of this widely dispersed literature was concerned with the experimental measurement of dielectric, crystallographic, thermal, electromechanical, elastic, optical, and magnetic properties. A critical and excellently organized cpmpilation based on these data appeared in 1969 with the publica­ tion of Landolt-Bornstein, Volume 111/3. This superb tabulation gave instant access to the results in the literature on nearly 450 pure substances and solid solutions of ferroelectric and antiferroelectric materials. Continuing interest in ferroelectrics, spurred by the growing importance of electrooptic crystals, resulted in the publication of almost as many additional papers by the end of 1969 as had been surveyed in Landolt-Bornstein.

Solid state physicists have long appreciated the usefulness of thermal neutron scattering in the inves­ tigation of condensed matter. This technique was first made possible by the advent of the nuclear reac­ tor and has, since then, undergone many refinements. The developments in this field of research have, we felt, necessitated the making of a comprehensive compilation of the published thermal neutron papers. The large number of titles collected in this book, as well as their diversity and their yearly distribution, reflects the continued contribution of the neutron probe to our understanding of physical systems. This bibliography is an updated and improved version of the one first published by us in March of 1973 under a similar title. Many of the omissions and inconsistencies of the first edition, such as occurred, for example, in the initialing of authors' names, have been corrected. The literature search has been carried back to 1932, the year when the existence of the neutron was experimentally confirmed. Several additional journals have also been searched and brought up to date together with those listed in our first publication. The number of entries is now 8543, an increase of 65 per cent relative to the first edition.

Although microwaves and coherent optics, being two of the largest and most useful branches of electrical engineering to emerge technologically, are usually considered as distinct subjects, many of the underlying fundamental principles, scientific achievements, and practical applications have common features. Following the evolvment of the initial principles and techniques during the closing decade of the last century, microwave engineering has long matured to a stage of ready availability of components, automation and accuracy of measurement, economical manufacturing methods, and application of sophisticated systems. Further, this development of electromagnetic phenomena having spatial and temporal coherence has, based on several centuries of study and practice of noncoherent light, in the last two decades reached the optical region. Hence, it is now practicable to consider a comprehensive treatment of these two fields, division being made by subject matter rather than by the artificial distinctions of frequency and/or wavelength ranges. However, a full text on the combined subjects would be very large and unwieldy and, thus, this Bibliography is presented in the hope that it will prove useful as a compact reference source to a large body of workers and, by putting forward the latest scientific and technical advances, stimulate a multi-disciplinary approach. The material of the book commences with the fundamentals of radiation and matter, progressing through components and devices, amplification and generation, transmission, reception and processing of information, and methods of measurement to conclude with a wide range of applications.

Coverage This bibliography of over 5000 references is restricted to the crystal growth of inorganic materials and is largely drawn from the literature collection of the Research Materials Information Center, although other sources were used in the attempt to attain (an always unattainable) completeness. It includes theoretical, review, and experimental, or "recipe," papers, technical reports, and books. The period covered is from 1972 through 1977, with several hundred more recent and earlier references, for var­ ious reasons, added. (I nformation on specific materials not I isted may be requested from R M C. ) I The coverage of epitaxy presented a problem, since authors do not always make it clear whether or not the epitaxial growth described resulted in single or polycrystalline structures. Papers are of course included where single crystallinity was claimed or illustrated by a definite electron diffraction pattern. Stated attempts to grow single crystals, even when failures, are included. As for the many where a decision could not be made, exclusion was the general rule. Theoretical and review papers are included. Two books, ofthe many good books on crystal growth, are essential complements to this bibliography: The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals, 2nd Revised Edition. Volume 1, Preparation, Purification, Crystal Growth and Phase Theory Kroger, F. A. North-Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam-London; American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc. , New York (1973) (Includes an extensive tabulation of crystals grown by a variety of methods, with over 1100 references for the table alone. ) Crystal Growth Wilke, K. -T.

Charles S. Sahagian Chief, Electromagnetic Materials Technology Branch Deputy for Electronic Technology Hanscom AFB, MA 01731 I t should not be surprising that an event as significant as the discovery of the laser has had some con­ comitant impact on other areas of science and technology, but the extent of the impact was grossly unpredicted. Upon perusal of this bibliography, devoted to the subject of laser window and mirror materials, it becomes very apparent that the effect of the laser on materials R&D has been enormous. Several hundred papers and reports, representing millions of dollars of effort, have been promulgated over the past decade; and as new frequencies, improved tunability, higher power, and other charac­ teristics are achieved, we can expect even greater demands and requirements on the materials com­ munity. What are some of the highlights disclosec by this bibliography with regard to work already ac­ complished? First, one can note the extensive investigations into developing new materials while at the same time improving old ones. Among the latter, alkali halides, for example, have essentially had a rebirth. I n the past five years more progress has been achieved in the chemical and structural perfec­ tion of this class of materials than in the entire preceding century. Also carried along in the surge for improved laser materials have been the alkaline earth fluorides (prime candidates for 3-to 5-J,Lm ap­ plications), chalcogenides, semiconductors, oxides, and others.