Springer Geophysics – serie

This book describes essential concepts of, and the status quo in, the field of ionospheric space weather.

This book offers a collection of papers presented in the International Conference on Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism and Rock Magnetism held in Kazan (Russia) in October 2017. Papers in this book are dedicated to the study of the geomagnetic field through most of the Earth's history as well as planetary and meteorite magnetism, and magnetic signatures of terrestrial impact craters. Recent studies, summaries, and reviews include: 1 - theory of the geomagnetic field, its generation and variations; 2 - experimental data on the geomagnetic field changes; 3 – studies of rock magnetism; 4 – paleotectonic reconstructions and paleoceanography; 5 – magnetostratigraphy; 6 – extraterrestrial magnetism. Summary reports and reviews will be presented by the world’s leading experts in the field of geomagnetic studies. Such workshops held by Academic Council have become traditional. They are always attended by leading professionals from Russia, CIS and non-CIS countries. In addition to discussion sessions focused on recent studies and findings, lectures on some basic concepts of geomagnetism will be delivered by leading Russian and foreign scientists

This book provides information and tools necessary to bridge and integrate the knowledge gaps related to the acquisition and processing of archaeological data, specifically in the field of preventive diagnostics, urban centers, archaeological parks and historical monuments, through activities that involve the application of non-invasive diagnostic detection systems, in the field of applied geophysics. The principal aim of this book is to define a tool for experts that work in the frame of Cultural Heritage and to identify a procedure of intervention transferable and usable in different geographical contexts and areas of investigations: it could help to decide the better technique of investigation to apply in relation to the predictive characteristics of the archaeological site and the objectives of the survey.The book is divided in two parts. The first one explains the theory of ground high resolution penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), controlled source electromagnetism system, differential magnetic method and the scenario of integrated methods of different geophysical techniques. Each section covers the basic theory (complete description of the physical parameters involved in the method), field instruments (description of all systems actually offered by commercial companies), field techniques (presentation of the main procedures and setting parameters used to explore the ground surface during data acquisition), techniques of data processing and representation (main processing routines and comparison between different techniques; presentation of different typologies of graphical representation), and the possibility and limitations of methods (explanation of best and worst conditions of implementation of the geophysical technique in relation to the contrasts between archaeological features and the natural background and the features of the instruments and arrays).The second part describes some applications of geophysical prospection to Cultural Heritage in detailed case histories, divided in sections relative to monuments, historical buildings, urban centres, archaeological parks and ancient viability. Moreover, examples of integration of three-dimensional reliefs and geophysical diagnostic of a monuments and studies of large scale reconnaissance implemented into a Geographical Information System are treated. In each case study the authors cover the description of the archaeological or historical contest; an explanation of the problem to solve; a choice of the geophysical methods; the setting of the procedure of data acquisition; techniques of data processing; a representation, interpretation, and discussion of the results.

This book provides a practical guide to applying soft-computing methods to interpret geophysical data. It discusses the design of neural networks with Matlab for geophysical data, as well as fuzzy logic and neuro-fuzzy concepts and their applications.

This book provides the necessary background of geometry, mathematics and physical geodesy, useful to a rigorous approach to geodetic heights. The concept of height seems to be intuitive and immediate, but on the contrary it requires a good deal of scientific sharpness in the definition and use. As a matter of fact the geodetic, geographic and engineering practice has introduced many different heights to describe our Earth physical reality in terms of spatial position of points and surfaces. This has urged us to achieve a standard capability of transforming one system into the other. Often this is done in an approximate and clumsy way. This book solves the above practical problems in a rigorous way, showing what degree of approximation is used in approximate formulas. In addition the book gives a sound view on a matter that is presently occupying scientific associations, namely the unification of the global and regional height reference systems. It provides the mathematical background as well as the state of the art of its implementation. It will be particularly useful for professionals and national agencies.

This book provides an essential appraisal of the recent advances in technologies, mathematical models and computational software used by those working with geodetic data.

This book provides an essential appraisal of the recent advances in technologies, mathematical models and computational software used by those working with geodetic data.

This book deals primarily with the aspects of advances in near surface geophysical data modeling, different interpretation techniques, new ideas and an integrated study to delineate the subsurface structures. It also involves the practical application of different geophysical methods to delineate the subsurface structures associated with mineral, groundwater exploration, subsurface contamination, hot springs, coal fire etc. This book is specifically aimed with the state-of-art information regarding research  advances and new developments in these areas of study, coupled to extensive modeling and field investigations obtained from around the world. It is extremely enlightening for the research workers, scientists, faculty members and students, in Applied Geophysics, Near Surface Geophysics, Potential Field, Electrical and Electromagnetic Methods, Mathematical Modeling Techniques in Earth Sciences, as well as Environmental Geophysics.

This book deals primarily with the aspects of advances in near surface geophysical data modeling, different interpretation techniques, new ideas and an integrated study to delineate the subsurface structures.

In closing, the book provides a detailed treatment of two essential research problems: 1) long-term forecasting for regional energy markets, and 2) the quantitative assessment of a) the barriers that are likely to hinder energy sector development and b) strategic-level energy security threats.

In closing, the book provides a detailed treatment of two essential research problems: 1) long-term forecasting for regional energy markets, and 2) the quantitative assessment of a) the barriers that are likely to hinder energy sector development and b) strategic-level energy security threats.

This research monograph presents all the branches of geophysics based on natural electromagnetic fields and their associated subjects. Meant for postgraduate and research level courses, it includes research guidance and collection of magnetotelluric data in some parts of Eastern India and their qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Specific topics highlighted include (i) Electrotellurics, (ii) Magnetotellurics, (iii) Geomagnetic Depth Sounding and Magnetometer Array Studies, (iv) Audio Frequency Magnetotellurics and Magnetic Methods, (v) Marine Magnetotelluric and Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic Methods, (vi) Electrical Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals and (vii) Mathematical Modelling and Some Topics on Inversion needed for Interpretation of Geoelectrical Data.

This research monograph presents all the branches of geophysics based on natural electromagnetic fields and their associated subjects. Meant for postgraduate and research level courses, it includes research guidance and collection of magnetotelluric data in some parts of Eastern India and their qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Specific topics highlighted include (i) Electrotellurics, (ii) Magnetotellurics, (iii) Geomagnetic Depth Sounding and Magnetometer Array Studies, (iv) Audio Frequency Magnetotellurics and Magnetic Methods, (v) Marine Magnetotelluric and Marine Controlled Source Electromagnetic Methods, (vi) Electrical Conductivity of Rocks and Minerals and (vii) Mathematical Modelling and Some Topics on Inversion needed for Interpretation of Geoelectrical Data.

This book presents a comprehensive selection of applications employed in environmental remote sensing using optical and thermal infrared satellite-sensors aiming to map natural resources, crops, groundwater, surface water, aquatic ecosystem, land degradation, air quality, renewable energy, regional resources, and climate-related geophysical processes. The technologies presented in this book also include satellite images, space-borne radar sensors focusing on the most versatile one, data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR), scatterometers and radar altimeters in Egypt. This volume also presents a thorough explanation of the remote sensing role showing physical fundamentals of the climate change phenomenon including gas emissions, and the impact on resources concerning the sustainable development of Egypt. Besides, the book includes an analysis of oil pollution in both Mediterranean and Red Seas  This book is intended for environmental policymakers working in Egypt as well as scientists working with remote sensing technologies in highly populated arid regions.

This book presents a comprehensive selection of applications employed in environmental remote sensing using optical and thermal infrared satellite-sensors aiming to map natural resources, crops, groundwater, surface water, aquatic ecosystem, land degradation, air quality, renewable energy, regional resources, and climate-related geophysical processes. The technologies presented in this book also include satellite images, space-borne radar sensors focusing on the most versatile one, data from synthetic aperture radar (SAR), scatterometers and radar altimeters in Egypt. This volume also presents a thorough explanation of the remote sensing role showing physical fundamentals of the climate change phenomenon including gas emissions, and the impact on resources concerning the sustainable development of Egypt. Besides, the book includes an analysis of oil pollution in both Mediterranean and Red Seas  This book is intended for environmental policymakers working in Egypt as well as scientists working with remote sensing technologies in highly populated arid regions.

During the last thirty years a great advancement in low energy physics, particularly interactions of atoms with the electromagnetic field, has been achieved and the development of electronics and laser techniques has allowed to implement a fine manipulation of atoms with photons.

During the last thirty years a great advancement in low energy physics, particularly interactions of atoms with the electromagnetic field, has been achieved and the development of electronics and laser techniques has allowed to implement a fine manipulation of atoms with photons.

The types covered include model-based inversion, colored inversion, sparse spike inversion, band-limited inversion, simultaneous inversion, elastic impedance inversion and geostatistical inversion, which includes single-attribute analysis, multi-attribute analysis, probabilistic neural networks and multi-layer feed-forward neural networks.

The types covered include model-based inversion, colored inversion, sparse spike inversion, band-limited inversion, simultaneous inversion, elastic impedance inversion and geostatistical inversion, which includes single-attribute analysis, multi-attribute analysis, probabilistic neural networks and multi-layer feed-forward neural networks.

The book deals primarily with the aspects of advances in Self-Potential geophysical data modeling, different interpretation techniques, new ideas and an integrated study to delineate the subsurface structures associated with exploration, contamination, buried paleochannels, archaeological investigations, glaciology, geomorphology, subsurface mapping and also in hydrocarbon exploration.The book is specifically aimed with the state-of-art information regarding research advances and new development in these areas of study, coupled to extensive modelling and field investigations obtained from around the world. It is extremely enlightening for the students, research workers, scientists, faculty members in Applied Geophysics, Near Surface Geophysics, Potential field, Electrical and Electromagnetic methods, Mathematical Modeling Techniques in Earth Sciences, as well as Environmental and other practical problems associated with Earth Sciences.

The book deals primarily with the aspects of advances in Self-Potential geophysical data modeling, different interpretation techniques, new ideas and an integrated study to delineate the subsurface structures associated with exploration, contamination, buried paleochannels, archaeological investigations, glaciology, geomorphology, subsurface mapping and also in hydrocarbon exploration.The book is specifically aimed with the state-of-art information regarding research advances and new development in these areas of study, coupled to extensive modelling and field investigations obtained from around the world. It is extremely enlightening for the students, research workers, scientists, faculty members in Applied Geophysics, Near Surface Geophysics, Potential field, Electrical and Electromagnetic methods, Mathematical Modeling Techniques in Earth Sciences, as well as Environmental and other practical problems associated with Earth Sciences.

This book provides numerous examples of linear and nonlinear model applications. Here, we present a nearly complete treatment of the Grand Universe of linear and weakly nonlinear regression models within the first 8 chapters. Our point of view is both an algebraic view and a stochastic one. For example, there is an equivalent lemma between a best, linear uniformly unbiased estimation (BLUUE) in a Gauss–Markov model and a least squares solution (LESS) in a system of linear equations. While BLUUE is a stochastic regression model, LESS is an algebraic solution. In the first six chapters, we concentrate on underdetermined and overdetermined linear systems as well as systems with a datum defect. We review estimators/algebraic solutions of type MINOLESS, BLIMBE, BLUMBE, BLUUE, BIQUE, BLE, BIQUE, and total least squares. The highlight is the simultaneous determination of the first moment and the second central moment of a probability distribution in an inhomogeneous multilinear estimationby the so-called E-D correspondence as well as its Bayes design. In addition, we discuss continuous networks versus discrete networks, use of Grassmann–Plucker coordinates, criterion matrices of type Taylor–Karman as well as FUZZY sets. Chapter seven is a speciality in the treatment of an overjet. This second edition adds three new chapters:(1)  Chapter on integer least squares that covers (i) model for positioning as a mixed integer linear  model which includes integer parameters. (ii) The general integer least squares problem is formulated, and the optimality of the least squares solution  is shown. (iii) The relation to the closest vector problem is considered, and the notion of reduced lattice basis is introduced. (iv) The famous LLL algorithm for generating a Lovasz reduced basis is explained.(2) Bayes methods  that covers (i) general principle of Bayesian modeling. Explain the notion of prior distribution and posterior distribution. Choose the pragmatic approach  for exploring the advantages of iterative Bayesian calculations and hierarchical modeling. (ii) Present the Bayes methods for linear models with normal distributed errors, including noninformative priors, conjugate priors, normal gamma distributions and (iii) short outview to modern application of Bayesian modeling. Useful in case of nonlinear models or linear models with no normal distribution: Monte Carlo (MC), Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), approximative Bayesian computation (ABC)  methods.(3) Error-in-variables models, which cover: (i) Introduce the error-in-variables (EIV) model, discuss the difference to least squares estimators (LSE), (ii) calculate the total least squares (TLS) estimator. Summarize the properties of TLS, (iii) explain the idea of simulation extrapolation (SIMEX) estimators, (iv) introduce the symmetrized SIMEX (SYMEX) estimator and its relation to TLS, and (v) short outview to nonlinear EIV models. The chapter onalgebraic solution of nonlinear system of equations has also been updated in line with the new emerging field of hybrid numeric-symbolic solutions to systems of nonlinear equations, ermined system of nonlinear equations on curved manifolds. The von Mises–Fisher distribution is characteristic for circular or (hyper) spherical data. Our last chapter is devoted to probabilistic regression, the special Gauss–Markov model with random effects leading to estimators of type BLIP and VIP including Bayesian estimation. A great part of the work is presented in four appendices. Appendix A is a treatment, of tensor algebra, namely linear algebra, matrix algebra, and multilinear algebra. Appendix B is devoted to sampling distributions and their use in terms of confidence intervals and confidence regions. Appendix C reviews the elementary notions of statistics, namely random events and stochastic processes. Appendix D introduces the basics of Groebner basis algebra, its careful definition, the Buchberger algorithm, especially the C. F. Gauss combinatorial algorithm.

This book provides numerous examples of linear and nonlinear model applications. Here, we present a nearly complete treatment of the Grand Universe of linear and weakly nonlinear regression models within the first 8 chapters. Our point of view is both an algebraic view and a stochastic one. For example, there is an equivalent lemma between a best, linear uniformly unbiased estimation (BLUUE) in a Gauss–Markov model and a least squares solution (LESS) in a system of linear equations. While BLUUE is a stochastic regression model, LESS is an algebraic solution. In the first six chapters, we concentrate on underdetermined and overdetermined linear systems as well as systems with a datum defect. We review estimators/algebraic solutions of type MINOLESS, BLIMBE, BLUMBE, BLUUE, BIQUE, BLE, BIQUE, and total least squares. The highlight is the simultaneous determination of the first moment and the second central moment of a probability distribution in an inhomogeneous multilinear estimationby the so-called E-D correspondence as well as its Bayes design. In addition, we discuss continuous networks versus discrete networks, use of Grassmann–Plucker coordinates, criterion matrices of type Taylor–Karman as well as FUZZY sets. Chapter seven is a speciality in the treatment of an overjet. This second edition adds three new chapters:(1)  Chapter on integer least squares that covers (i) model for positioning as a mixed integer linear  model which includes integer parameters. (ii) The general integer least squares problem is formulated, and the optimality of the least squares solution  is shown. (iii) The relation to the closest vector problem is considered, and the notion of reduced lattice basis is introduced. (iv) The famous LLL algorithm for generating a Lovasz reduced basis is explained.(2) Bayes methods  that covers (i) general principle of Bayesian modeling. Explain the notion of prior distribution and posterior distribution. Choose the pragmatic approach  for exploring the advantages of iterative Bayesian calculations and hierarchical modeling. (ii) Present the Bayes methods for linear models with normal distributed errors, including noninformative priors, conjugate priors, normal gamma distributions and (iii) short outview to modern application of Bayesian modeling. Useful in case of nonlinear models or linear models with no normal distribution: Monte Carlo (MC), Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), approximative Bayesian computation (ABC)  methods.(3) Error-in-variables models, which cover: (i) Introduce the error-in-variables (EIV) model, discuss the difference to least squares estimators (LSE), (ii) calculate the total least squares (TLS) estimator. Summarize the properties of TLS, (iii) explain the idea of simulation extrapolation (SIMEX) estimators, (iv) introduce the symmetrized SIMEX (SYMEX) estimator and its relation to TLS, and (v) short outview to nonlinear EIV models. The chapter onalgebraic solution of nonlinear system of equations has also been updated in line with the new emerging field of hybrid numeric-symbolic solutions to systems of nonlinear equations, ermined system of nonlinear equations on curved manifolds. The von Mises–Fisher distribution is characteristic for circular or (hyper) spherical data. Our last chapter is devoted to probabilistic regression, the special Gauss–Markov model with random effects leading to estimators of type BLIP and VIP including Bayesian estimation. A great part of the work is presented in four appendices. Appendix A is a treatment, of tensor algebra, namely linear algebra, matrix algebra, and multilinear algebra. Appendix B is devoted to sampling distributions and their use in terms of confidence intervals and confidence regions. Appendix C reviews the elementary notions of statistics, namely random events and stochastic processes. Appendix D introduces the basics of Groebner basis algebra, its careful definition, the Buchberger algorithm, especially the C. F. Gauss combinatorial algorithm.

This book presents gravity aspects (gravity disturbance, Marussi tensor, two gravity invariants, their certain ratio, the strike angles, and the virtual deformations) which are computed and evaluated for the Moon, using the recent static global gravity field model (GRGM1200A) to degree and order of 600 in spherical harmonic expansion.

This book presents gravity aspects (gravity disturbance, Marussi tensor, two gravity invariants, their certain ratio, the strike angles, and the virtual deformations) which are computed and evaluated for the Moon, using the recent static global gravity field model (GRGM1200A) to degree and order of 600 in spherical harmonic expansion.

The book integrates theory, numerical methods, and practical applications seamlessly. Based on the author's research and teaching over the past 15 years, the book stands alone as the first comprehensive text in unifying fundamental continuum micromechanics theory, geometric/kinematic analysis, and applications.

The book integrates theory, numerical methods, and practical applications seamlessly. Based on the author's research and teaching over the past 15 years, the book stands alone as the first comprehensive text in unifying fundamental continuum micromechanics theory, geometric/kinematic analysis, and applications.

This book introduces to the reader an analytical procedure to characterize the organic-rich Indian Gondwana shale in terms of its elastic, petrophysical, geochemical, and microstructural properties using state-of-the-art laboratory measurements and accounting for the elastic anisotropy, pore microstructure along with rock physics models, image segmentation techniques, and pore network models. As compared to sandstone, shale possesses a more complex origin, strong heterogeneity, and is anisotropic in nature. This makes the characterization of shale rock and the assessment of the potential of the reservoir extremely challenging. The laboratory-measured properties of the reservoir rock are important for the evaluation of the potential of the reservoir rock. These input parameters are utilized to predict variables, build a petrophysical model, and set up strategies in several domains of petroleum engineering and petrophysics. The authors presented the case studies for the identification of prospective shale formation zones in the Indian Gondwana basin that might be used for commercial gas and/or oil production. The scope of this book covers the interest of all researchers and academicians involved in source-rock characterization at the laboratory scale. Furthermore, the source-rock evaluation methods and their many nuances covered here provide excellent reading for geoscience graduates.

For these reasons, GIA modeling has seen a considerable development recently, with a growing attention by a broad audience of scientists in the fields of geophysics, geology, geodesy, and Earth system science.