Studies in the Natural Sciences - Böcker

This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the Information Processing in Biology portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P.A.M. Dirac. Before the volume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedica­ tion of this volume, and its companion, on High Energy Physics, to his everlasting memory. The last Orbis Scientiae (as it was often in the past) was shared by two frontier fields - in this case by High Energy Physics and Information Processing in Biology, demonstrating the universality of scientific principles and goals. The interaction amongst scientists of diverse interests can only enhance the fruitfulness of their efforts. The editors take pride in the modest contribution of Orbis Scientiae towards this goal. It is a pleasure to acknowledge the typing of these proceedings by Regelio Rodriguez and Helga Billings, and the customary excellent supervision by the latter. The efficient preparation and organiza­ tion of the conference was due largely to the skill and dedication of Linda Scott. As in the past, Orbis Scientiae 1983 received nominal support from the United States Department of Energy and the National Science Foundation.

The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1978. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings for her assistance with the conference and for her skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Also, appreciation is extended to Dr. Osman Kadiro~u for his assistance with the proceedings this year. Orbis Scientiae 1978 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS New Approach to Cosmological Theory •. ••. •. . . . . . •. . . •. ••••••. . • 1 P. A. M. Dirac 2 Spin Forces in Large-p p-p Elastic Scattering . •. •. •. . . ••. •. •. 17 A. D. Krisch L Advances in the Study of Spin Effects in Nucleon-Nucleon Scattering at Small and Intermediate Momentum Transfers . •. • 57 Homer A. Neal What Can One Learn from Very Accurate Measurements of the Lepton Magnetic Moments? •. . . . . •. •. . . . •. . •. •. ••. . . •. 127 Toichiro Kinoshita Lepton Spin Motion in Weak Magnetic Mirror Traps •. . •. . . . . . . . •. 145 G. W. Ford Electron Magnetic Moment from Geonium Spectra . •. •. ••. •••. •. . •. 159 Robert S. Van Dyck, Jr. , Paul B. Schwinberg, and Hans Dehmelt Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment - The Last Word . •••. •. ••••. •. . . 183 Robert W. Williams Proposed Measurements of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of the Electron and Positron . •. . . •. •••. . . . •. . . . •. . . .

The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1979. Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1979 received some support from the Department of Energy. The Editors v CONTENTS Evidence for Quarks from Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering...... 1 F. Sciulli Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 . . . . . . . . . . Karl Berkelman Physics After T and T 79 A. Pais Protons Are Not Forever................................... 91 D. V. Nanopoulos Gauge Hierarchies in Unified Theories..................... 115 Itzhak Bars Anomalies, Unitarity and Renormalizatior................... 133 Paul H. Frampton Charm Particle Production by Neutrinos.................... 139 N.P. Samios 34 Techniques to Search for Proton Instability to 10 Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 . . . . . . . . . . . .

The editors are pleased to submit to the readers the state of the art in high energy physics as it appears at the beginning of 1980. Great appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Connie Wardy for their assistance with the conference and skillful typing of the proceedings which was done with great enthusiasm and dedication. Orbis Scientiae 1980 received some support from the Department of Energy. THE EDITORS v CONTENTS The Variation of G and the Problem of the Moon...1 P. A. M. Dirac Primatons, Maximum Energy Density Quanta, Possible Constituents of the Ylem...*. *...**...*...9 A. J. Meyer Dynamical Higgs Mechanism and Hyperhadron Spectroscopy...23 M. A. B. Beg Glueballs: Their Spectra, Production and Decay...43 Sydney Meshkov Quarks in Light Baryons...61 Nathan Isgur and Gabriel Karl Color van der Waals Forces?...67 O. W. Greenberg The Question of Proton Stability, Summary...87 Maurice Goldhaber A Review of Charmed Particle Production in Hadronic Collisions...89 Stephen L. Olsen Infrared Properties of the Gluon Propagator: A Progress Report...111 F. Zachariasen Theoretical Aspects of Proton Decay...121 William J. Marciano Fun with E . *. *. *...*. . *...*...*...*...* 141 6 R. Slansky vii * OON~N~ SOlO as a Viable Unification Group...165 P. Ramond Migdalism Revisited: Calculating the Bound States of Quantum Chromodynamics...173 Paul M. Fishbane The U{l) Problem and Anomalous Ward Identities...189 Pran Nath and R.

This book is an outcome of the NATO institute on surface modification which was held in Trevi, 1981. Surface modification and alloying by ion, electron or laser beams is proving to be one of the most burgeoning areas of materials science. The field covers such diverse areas as integrated circuit processing to fabricating wear and corrosion resistant surfaces on mechanical components. The common scientific questions of interest are the microstructures by the different energy deposition techniques. and associated physical properties produced The chapters constitute a critical review of the various subjects covered at Trevi. Each chapter author took responsibility for the overall review and used contributions from the many papers presented at the meeting; each participant gave a presentation. The contributors are listed at the start of each chapter. We took this approach to get some order in a large and diverse field. We are indebted to all the contributors, in particular the chapter authors for working the many papers into coherent packages; to Jim Mayer for hosting a workshop of chapter authors at Cornell and to Ian Bubb who did a sterling job in working over some of the manuscripts. Our special thanks are due to the text processing center at Bell Labs who took on the task of assembling the book. In particular Karen Lieb and Beverly Heravi typed the whole manuscript and had the entire book phototypeset using the Bell Laboratories UNIX™ system.

This volume contains a portion of the presentations given at the session on High Energy Physics and Astro­ physics of Orbis Scientiae II, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, from January 20 through January 24, 1975. This, second in the new series of meetings held at the CTS, strove to implement the goals professed in the organization of Orbis Scientiae in 1974, namely to encourage scientists in several disciplines to exchange views, not only with colleagues who share similar research interests, but also to acquaint scientists in other fields with the leading ideas and current results in each area repre­ sented. Thus, an effort has been made to include papers in each session that discuss fundamental issues in a way which is comprehensible to scientists who are specialists in other areas. Also in keeping with the philosophy of Orbis Scientiae, the major topics each year are to be varied, with the invariant being the inclusion of developments in fundamental physics. The discussions of the current state of the art in high energy physics represented in this volume include new theories and experiments in the field. v PREFACE Special gratitude is due to the following for their contributions as organizers and moderators of the ses­ sions on high energy physics and astrophysics: Abdus Salam, Jogesh Pati, Karl Strauch, O. W. Greenberg, Sheldon Glashow, George Sudarshan and W. John Cocke. The editors wish to express their appreciation to Mrs. Helga Billings and Mrs.

leagues and, in many cases, students, of Professor Onsager. Professor Onsager, himself, has contributed a paper on Illife in early times" to the volume. Among the topics discussed are some interesting applications of low temperature experimental techniques to cardiology and astrophysics. We would like to express our particular appreciation to Mrs. Helga Billings and Miss Sara Lesser for their excellent typing of these Proceedings and to Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, as well as to Mrs. Billings and Miss Lesser for their invaluable assistance with the details of the conference and the publication of these Proceedings. The Editors CONTENTS Section One BIOLOGY Life in the Early Days Lars Onsager. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Fluctuating Enzyme Giorgio Careri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Diffusion Control in Biochemical Reactions Manfred Eigen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Phase Transitions of Phospholipids Julian Sturtevant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Theory and Density Measurements of the Lipid Bilayer Phase Transition John F. Nagle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Stability of Helical Nucleic Acids Neville R. Kallenbach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Thermodynamic Perspectives and the Origin of Life Sidney W. Fox. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Section Two STATISTICAL MECHANICS High Frequency Dielectric Response in Dipolar Systems Roberto Lobo, John E. Robinson, Sergio Rodriguez. 143 ix x CONTENTS Exact Derivation of the Onsager Limiting Law Thomas J. Murphy 157 The Effect of Wall Charge on the Capillary Rise of Electrolytes Lars Onsager, Edmund Drauglis 167 Density of States of Topologically Disordered Amorphous Semiconductors Jill C. Bonner, J. F. Nagle 201 Irreversibility Willis E. Lamb, Jr. 213 Surface Specific Heat of Crystals.

The present volume is a compilation of the talks presented at the 1972 Coral Gables Conference on Fundamental Interactions at High Energy held at the University of Miami by the Center for Theoretical Studies. The volume contains, in addition, contributions by B. Kursunoglu and G. Breit, which were not actually presented, but are included as tributes to Professor P.A.M. Dirac, to whom the Conference is formally dedicated. Again this year the theme, style and format of each session was in most cases the responsibility of the section leaders who also cons~ituted the Conference Committee. This organization of the conference meant that each section was coherent and essentially self-contained, and as weIl, allowed for spirited panel discussions to critically summarize, and to indicate new directions for future research. This volume is divided into four sections on Constructive Field Theory, and Advances in the Theory of Weak and Electro­ magnetic Interactions, Cosmic Evolution,and New Vistas in the Theory of Fundamental Interactions. Each section represents a thorough, penetrating survey of one of the most active research programs of theoretical physics. Thanks are due to typists Mrs. Helga S. Billings, Mrs. Jackie Zagursky, Miss Connie Retting, and to Mrs. Norma Gayle Hagan for her industrious supervision of the many programs involved in the conference. This conference received some support from the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Editors vii Miss Sevil Kursunoglu, Professor Behram Kursunoglu, Professor P. A. M. Dirac, Mrs. Behram Kursunoglu, Mr.

We respectfully submit these proceedings of the 1982 Orbis Scientiae for your reading enjoyment. As always, the success of the conference was due to the hard work and wisdom of the moderators and dissertators. This year, in addition to the excellent overview of QCD and GUT, and the customary reports of the latest progress in theoretical and experimental particle physics, there have been discussions of new developments in astrophysics and especially of field theory and composite models. We wish also to note here that the 1981 Orbis paper by Stephen S. Pinsky on "Death of Fractional Topological Charge" was actually co-authored by William F. Palmer of Ohio State University, whose name was inadvertently omitted from the authorship, due to a series of misunderstandings. As in the past, this Orbis Scientiae 1982 was supported on a small scale by the Department of Energy, and this year as well by the National Science Foundation, on the same scale. We would like to thank Mrs. Helga S. Billings for her excellent typing for the n-th time, where n is a large number. This series of proceedings is also enhanced by Linda Scott's editorial help which includes improvements in the presentation of some of the papers.

The Center for Theoretical Studies of the University of Miami has been the host of annual winter conferences whose content has expanded from the particular topic of symmetry principles in high energy physics to encompass the bases and relationships of many branches of know­ ledge. The scope of the Tenth Coral Gables Conference on Fundamental Interactions included astrophysics, atomic and molecular physics, fundamental theories of gravi­ tation, of electromagnetism, and of hadrons, gauge theories of weak and electromagnetic interactions, high energy physics, liquid helium physics, and theoretical biology. The range of topics is partially represented by the scientific talks which form this book. The tangible fruits of the conference are these papers; the intangible ones are the changes of outlook which the participants experienced and the new appreciation they gained of the basic unity of all knowledge. Historically, the early Coral Gables Conferences witnessed the introduction of the concept of the quark and the attempts to formulate a unification of the in­ ternal and space-time symmetries of the elementary particles, while later ones were the initial forums for new unified theories of interactions and for the ideas of scaling, light-cone dominance, and partons.

The following proceedings contains most of the contributions given at Orbis Scientiae 1981. As has become customary during the past few years, the organizers and moderators have attempted to strike a balance between reviews of the status of experimental and theoretical developments during the preceding year. We are very pleased that experimentalists representing the critical developments in new accelerator plans, neutrino oscillations, proton decay, and decay schemes of the upsilon, have seen fit to enlighten at first hand their theoretical colleagues. We believe that this interaction can be of great benefit to both groups. The reports of theorists on many of the key theoretical advances by the practitioners themselves is a particularly satisfying feature of this series of conferences and is a tribute to the care and wisdom of the session moderators. Although it has not been a customary editorial practice, we feel that it is particularly appropriate to point out that the 1981 recipient of the J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize was Professor Frederick Reines, of University of California, Irvine, for his pioneering experiments which first experimentally estab­ lished the existence of the neutrino. The flurry of activit- experimental and theoretical - generated by recent evidence for massive neutrinos is amply reflected in the contents of this volume. The enthusiasm and skill of Mrs. Helga S. Billings and Mrs. Susan L. Maxon in the organization and the running of the con­ ference, as well as in the preparation of these proceedings, is gratefully acknowledged.

This volume includes the papers presented during the high energy session of the first Orbis Scientiae held by the Center for Theo­ retical Studies, University of Miami. The Orbis met from January 7th to 12th, 1974 for the purpose of allowing scientists in various dis­ ciplines to acquaint each other with frontier problems of their respective disciplines. This Orbis Scientiae was the first of a new series of annual gatherings which have replaced the Coral Gables Conferences. These new meetings will include, in addition to physics, the main­ stay of the Coral Gables Conferences, other sciences and will allow scientists in the various disciplines represented to exchange views with each other as well as among them­ selves. The high energy sessions of the Orbis were devoted primarily to fundamental theories which attempt to unify a number of interactions in physics such as the electromagnetic and gravi­ tational forces, the electromagnetic and weak forces, or indeed all of the known interactions. Papers were also invited on other topics of cur­ rent interest in high energy physics and astro­ physics and they form part of this volume. v PREFACE This volume is not subdivided but the first half is devoted to fundamental theories and the second half to other subjects of current interest. The last paper, on stellar evolution, was presented at the Sixth Annual J. Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize Ceremonies by the recipient, Professor Edwin E. Salpeter of Cornell University.

This volume contains the papers presented during the Neurophysiology Session of the first Orbis Scientiae of the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida. With this first Orbis which met from January 7 - 11, 1974, the Center for Theoretical Studies has inaugerated a new set of annual gatherings devoted to the natural sciences and to problems on the "interface" of science and society. The content of the talks presented ranged over a wide variety of topics in neurophysiology, biophysics and biochemistry. A number of the talks concerned various aspects of the brain and its functions. Recent results were also presented on the physics and chemistry of membranes. The papers in the volume are presented in the order in which they were originally delivered. Special thanks are due to Mrs. Helga Billings, Miss Sara Lesser and Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky for the typing of the manuscript and for their efficient and cheerful attention to the details of the conference.

This volume contains a portion of the presentations given at the session on Laser-Fusion and Laser Develop­ ment of Orbis Scientiae II, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, from January 20 through January 24, 1975. This second in the new series of meetings held at the CTS strove to implement the goals professed in the organization of Orbis Scientiae in 1974, namely to encourage scientists in several disci­ plines to exchange views, not only with colleagues who share similar research interests, but also to acquaint scientists in other fields with the leading ideas and current results in each area represented. Thus, an effort has been made to include papers in each session that discuss fundamental issues in a way which is com­ prehensible to scientists who are specialists in other areas. Also in keeping with the philosophy of Orbis Scientiae, the major topics each year are to be varied, with the invariant being the inclusion of developments in fundamental physics. The discussions of the current state of the art in lasers and fusion represented in this volume are not only of interest because they deal with newly unfolding branches of physics, but also because of their potential technological and societal significance. The paper by v. N. Lugovoi and A. M. Prokhorov was not presented at Orbis Scientiae II, but is included because of its relevance to the topics in this volume.

This year, Orbis Scientiae 1976, dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States of America, was devoted entirely to recent developments in high energy These proceedings contain nearly all of the physics. papers presented at Orbis, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, during January 19-22, 1976. The organization of Orbis this year was due mainly to the moderators of the sessions, principally Sydney Meshkov, Murray Gell-Mann, Yoichiro Nambu, Glennys Farrar, Fred Zachariasen and Behram Kursunoglu, who was also chairman of the conference. The coherence of the various sessions is due to their efforts, and special thanks are due to Sydney Meshkov who was responsible for coor­ dinating many.of the efforts of the moderators and for including essentially all of the frontier developments in high energy physics. Because of the number of papers and their integrated length, it has been necessary to divide these proceedings into two volumes. An effort has been made to divide the material in the two volumes into fundamental questions (including the appearance of magnetic charge in particle physics) and recent high energy results and attendant phenomenology. These volumes were prepared by Mrs. Helga Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady and Ms. Yvonne Leber, and their dedication and skill are gratefully acknowledged. Their efforts v PREFACE during Orbis were supplemented by those of Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, with our appreciation. The ~hoto­ graphs were taken by Ms. Shirley Busch.

This year, Orbis Scientiae 1976, dedicated to the Bicentennial of the United States of America, was devoted entirely to recent developments in high energy physics. These proceedings contain nearly all of the papers presented at Orbis, held at the Center for Theoretical Studies, University of Miami, during January 19-22, 1976. The organization of Orbis this year was due mainly to the moderators of the sessions, principally Sydney Meshkov, Murray Gell-Mann, Yoichiro Nambu, Glennys Farrar, Fred Zachariasen and Behram Kursunoglu, who was also chairman of the conference. The coherence of the various sessions is due to their efforts, and special thanks are due to Sydney Meshkov who was responsible for coor­ dinating many of the efforts of the moderators and for including essentially all of the frontier developments in high energy physics. Because of the number of papers and their integrated length, it has been necessary to divide these proceedings into two volumes. An effort has been made to divide the material in the two volumes into fundamental questions (including the appearance of magnetic charge in particle physics) and recent high energy results and attendant ppenomenology. These volumes were prepared by Mrs. Helga Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady and Ms. Yvonne Leber, and their dedication and skill are gratefully acknowledged. Their efforts v PREFACE during Orbis were supplemented by those of Mrs. Jacquelyn Zagursky, with our appreciation. The photo­ graphs were taken by Ms. Shirley Busch.

In this centennial year of Albert Einstein's birth, physicists are inspired more than ever and most enthusiastic to talk about the scientific works and human side of the greatest scientist of 'all time. Only until two decades ago, the General Theory of Relativity was not included in most university graduate programs - it remained as a separate discipline in physics, to be studied sometime in the future if time could be alloted for it. Albert Einstein regarded general relativity as his greatest achievement in physics compared to all other epoch-making contributions he made, including the dis­ covery of special relativity, photoelectric effect (the concept of photon), statistical analysis of emission and absorption of radiation by atoms in a gas, Brownian motion, and a host of other profound con­ tributions to physics. Now his theory of gravitation described within the framework'-of general relativity is being recognized with increasing importance with the passage of time. Einstein is becoming even greater with time. His General Theory of Relativity does, so far, describe successfully the heavenly phenomena associated with pulsars, black holes, 3 degree K fossil cosmic radiation left over from the big bang, expansion of the Uni­ verse, quasars, supernovae phenomena, and many other cosmic sequences of events. The fundamental significance of gravitation, the new picture of space and time concepts for the elementary particles, and the possible relation between the smallest and the largest is now being studied with greater appreciation and better understanding.

In accordance with the established tradition of these annual meetings under the aegis of Orbis Scientiae we have, this year, included the very important field of "The Significance of Non­ linearity in the Natural Sciences." We are pleased to join many scientists in recognizing the nonlinearity arising from the under­ lying interaction of all natural phenomena. It is tempting to say that in the long run things are nonlinear and that we shall have to design new techniques and methods to solve nonlinear equations. This year's Orbis Scientiae did include four sessions on nonlinear equations pertaining to elementary particle physics, molecular physics, fluid dynamics, and also to biology. Our Center intends to pursue the inclusions of these topics in its future Orbis Scientiae. Appreciation is extended to Mrs. Helga S. Billings, Mrs. Elva Brady, and Ms. Yvonne L. Leber for their skillful typing of the proceedings, which they have performed with great enthusiasm and dedication. The Editors v CONTENTS Some Recent Developments on Solitons in Two-Dimensional Field Theories 1 Andre Neveu Path Integral Quantization of Solitons. . . . . . . . . . 17 A. Jevicki Nontopological Solitons 39 R. Friedberg Vacuum Bubble Instantons 57 P. H. Frampton Nonlinear Deep Water Waves: A Physical Testing Ground for Solitons and Recurrence . . . . . 67 Henry C. Yuen and Bruce M. Lake Solitons as Particles, and the Effects of Perturbations . . . . 97 D. J. Kaup The Formulation of Variational Principles by Means of Clebsch Potentials .

This volume contains the greater part of the papers submitted to the High Energy Physics portion of the 1983 Orbis Scientiae, then dedicated to the eightieth year of Professor P. A. M. Dirac. Before the vol,ume could be published, Professor Dirac passed away on October 20, 1984, thereby changing the dedication of this volume, and its companion, on Information Processing in Biology, to his everlasting memory. Since 1969, Professor Dirac had given the opening address at each of these conferences. He was unable to prepare a manuscript of his last paper in 1983. His impact on science already has been enormous. The consequences of his thought and work for future developments are incalculable. Regrettably, Professor Dirac's last appearance at this series of conferences, begun in 1964 as the Coral Gables Conference on Symmetry Principles at High Energy, coincided with the twentieth, and the last of these. The work and expense involved in organizing them and preparing the proceedings have corne to far exceed the physical capabilities and the support received by the Center for Theoretical Studies for this program. The delayed appearance of these proceedings, for which the editors humbly apologize, is a manifestation of the inadequate support. On the other hand, the organizers and editors thank the many distinguished participants who, over the years, made these meetings exciting and productive arenas for the dissemination of ideas in high energy physics and related fields.